WWI

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WWI 1914-1918
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Map of Europe 1914
Lines of Alliances and Treaties
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28 June 1914

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to
  Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated in
  Sarajevo, Serbia.
• Austria-Hungary demanded justice for the
  Archdukes killers in very harsh terms
• Serbia rejected the demands and the two countries
  went to war.

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On Austro-Hungarys side

• Germany entered by alliance
• Also Bulgaria Turkey on the Axis side

Kaiser Wilhelm
Franz Joseph, A-H
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On Serbias side

• Russia by alliance with Serbia
• France by alliance with Russia
• Italy sided with these allies
• Britain by alliance with France and Belgium
  (which was invaded by Germany)
• Japan by military agreement with Britain

Tzar Nicholas of Russia
Clemenceau of France
King George V of Britain
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Most action on two fronts
Germany charged west across Belgium, hoping to
invade and secure France quickly. German troops
were stopped by French, who were joined by the
British and Belgians, and both sides dug in.
Western Front
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Western Front showing nationalities
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Eastern Front
Red boxes Russians Yellow boxes Germans Blue
boxes Austro-Hungarians
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US tried to stay out, but entered in 1917 when
its shipping became disrupted by German war ships
President Woodrow Wilson
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Advances in technology/science

• Large, shelling artillery
• WMDs mustard gas (cf. Owens poem)

German in gas mask
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US soldier at trench with his gas mask
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Gassed by John Singer Sargent shows a line of
troops, blinded by gas, being taken to an aid
station. Men lie on the ground waiting for
treatment.
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"With mustard gas the effects did not become
apparent for up to twelve hours. But then it
began to rot the body, within and without. The
skin blistered, the eyes became extremely painful
and nausea and vomiting began. Worse, the gas
attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the
mucous membrane. The pain was almost beyond
endurance and most cases had to be strapped to
their beds. Death took up to four or five
weeks. A nurse wrote I wish those people who
write so glibly about this being a holy war and
the orators who talk so much about going on no
matter how long the war lasts and what it may
mean, could see a case--to say nothing of ten
cases--of mustard gas in its early stages--could
see the poor things burnt and blistered all over
with great mustard-colored suppurating blisters,
with blind eyes . . . all sticky and stuck
together, and always fighting for breath, with
voices a mere whisper, saying that their throats
are closing and they know they will choke." This
passage is from John Ellis, Eye-Deep in Hell
Trench Warfare in World War I, (1976), pp. 66-7.
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Trench Warfare
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Trench installations became elaborate
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Germany Surrendered 1918Guns went silent Nov.
11th at 1100 am
Losses 100,000 per icon on the map at left
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Treaty of Versailles rearranged Europe
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German losses
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Treaty punished Germany

• War Guilt clause - Germany to accept blame for
  starting the war.
• Financial Clauses
• Reparations - Germany was to pay for the damage
  caused by the war. The figure of 6,600 million
  was set some time after the signing of the
  treaty.

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• Military Clauses
• Army - was to be reduced to 100,000 men and no
  tanks were allowed Navy - Germany was only
  allowed 6 ships and no submarines Air Force -
  Germany was not allowed an Air Force Rhineland -
  The Rhineland area was to be kept free of German
  military personnel and weapons
• Territorial Clauses
• Anschluss - Germany was not allowed to unite with
  Austria.
• Land - Germany lost land to a number of other
  countries. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to
  France, Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium,
  North Schleswig was given to Denmark. Land was
  also taken from Germany and given to
  Czechoslovakia and Poland. The League of Nations
  took control of Germany's colonies

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•  The Other Defeated Nations
• The Treaty of Versailles determined the
  punishment that Germany should face. Other
  treaties determined the fate of those countries
  that had fought with Germany - Austria-Hungary,
  Bulgaria and Turkey. Austria and Hungary were
  divided and therefore signed separate treaties
• Austria - The Treaty of St Germain 10th September
  1919
• Land - Austria lost land to Italy, Czechoslovakia
  and Serbia (Yugoslavia). Army - To be reduced to
  30,000 men. Anschluss - Union with Germany was
  forbidden Reparations - Austria was to pay
  reparations but went bankrupt before the rate
  could be set.
• Hungary - The Treaty of Trianon 4th June 1920
• Land - Hungary lost land to Austria,
  Czechoslovakia, Romania and Serbia (Yugoslavia)
  reducing its size from 283,000 sq km to less than
  93,000 sq km. Population was reduced from 18.2
  million to 7.6 million.Army - To be reduced to
  35,000 menReparations - Hungary was to pay
  reparations but the amount was never set

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Treaty of Versailles

• Set in place all the resentments of German people
  that lay groundwork for WWII