WWI Review

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WWI Review

• History 12
• Ms Leslie

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Why?

• Imperial,
• Nationalism
• Alliances
• led to the Great War, war to end all wars

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Imperialism

• Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign
  markets after the increase in manufacturing
  caused by the Industrial Revolution.
• competed for economic expansion in Africa.
• several crises in North Africa with Germany
  against Britain and France.
• In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire
  was desired by Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and
  Russia.

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Nationalism

• Congress of Vienna in 1815, (after Napoleonic
  wars) ignored nationalism in favor of peace.
• Germany and Italy were left as divided states,
  but strong nationalist movements and revolutions
  led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and that
  of Germany in 1871.
• Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 left France
  seething over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to
  Germany.

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Nationalism

• a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans,
  areas comprised of many conflicting national
  groups.
• The Panslavism of Serbia was supported by Russia
  which conflicted with Austria-Hungary's
  Pan-Germanism.

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North African troops
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Algerian, Tunisian, Sengalese troops
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Alliances

• Were designed to keep the peace
• Triple Entente - UK, France, Russia,
• During WWI - Portugal, Romania, Italy, Japan,
  China, Liberia, Siam, Greece
• Central Powers - Austria-Hungary Empire, German
  Empire, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire

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Weird politics

• Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, Tsar Nicholas II of
  Russia and King George V of England were all
  first cousins
• They were all grandchildren of Queen Victoria of
  England

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Who fought?

• the Central Powers
• Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey
  aka Ottoman Empire
• the Allies (Entente)
• U.S., British Empire (Canada, Anzac, India),
  France, Russia, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Romania,
  Montenegro, Portugal, Italy, and Japan.
• About 10 million combatants killed, 20 million
  wounded.

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What is Austria-Hungary?
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German empire
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German colonies
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Europe 1914
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British Empire
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Ottoman Empire? Huh?
We call it Turkey now
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1914

• June 28 - Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and
  wife assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian
  nationalist, Gavrilo Princip
• July 28 - Austria declares war on Serbia.
• Aug 1 - Germany declares war on Russia, on
  France (Aug. 3),
• Aug. 4 - Germany invades Belgium.
• Aug. 4 - Britain declares war on Germany.

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1914

• Aug - Germans defeat Russians in Battle of
  Tannenberg on Eastern Front
• Sept. First Battle of the Marne.
• German drive stopped 25 miles from Paris.
• By end of year, war on the Western Front is
  positional in the trenches.

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1915

• Feb - German submarine blockade of Great Britain
  begins
• April - Dardanelles CampaignBritish land in
  Turkey
• AprilMay - Germans use gas at second Battle of
  Ypres
• May 7 - Lusitania sunk by German submarine1,198
  lost, including 128 Americans.

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1915

• by Sept. 6 - On Eastern Front, German and
  Austrian great offensive conquers all of Poland
  and Lithuania Russians lose 1 million men.
• Sept.Oct - Great Fall Offensive by Allies
  results in little change from 1914
• Oct. 14 - Britain and France declare war on
  Bulgaria

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1916

• Feb - Battle of VerdunGermans and French each
  lose about 350,000 men.
• March - Extended submarine warfare begins
• May - British-German sea battle of Jutland
  British lose more ships, but German fleet never
  ventures forth again.
• JuneSept - On Eastern Front, the Brusilov
  offensive demoralizes Russians, costs them 1
  million men.

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1916

• JulyNov - Battle of the SommeBritish lose over
  400,000 French, 200,000 Germans, about 450,000
  all with no strategic results
• Aug. 27 - Romania declares war on
  Austria-Hungary.
• Dec - Romanian capital, Bucharest, captured

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1917

• April 6 - U.S. declares war on Germany.
• The US entered WW1 because Germany sent a note to
  Mexico (that was intercepted) saying they would
  help Mexico get some original American land back
  (meaning they would declare war on the United
  States) if they helped Germany in WW1
• Most Americans today think its because of the
  sinking of the Lusitania in 1915.

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1917

• April - Submarine warfare at peak.
• Oct.Dec - On Italian Front, Battle of Caporetto
  Italians retreat, losing 600,000 prisoners and
  deserters
• Nov - On Western Front, Battles of Arras,
  Champagne, Ypres (third battle). First large
  British tank attack
• Dec. 7 - U.S. declares war on Austria-Hungary.

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1917

• Dec. 15 Armistice between new Russian Bolshevik
  government and Germans. - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Russia dropped out because of the Revolution

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1918

• MarchJune - Great offensive by Germans.
• June - Americans' first important battle role at
  Château-Thierryas they and French stop German
  advance.
• JulyAug - Second Battle of the Marne
• Sept.Oct - start of Allied offensive at Amiens,
  St. Mihiel, etc. Battles of the Argonne and Ypres
  panic German leadership

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1918

• Sept - British offensive in Palestine.
• Oct. 4 Germans ask for armistice. British
  armistice with Turkey.
• Nov - German Kaiser abdicates. Hostilities cease
  on Western Front (Nov. 11).

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Losses

• France bore the brunt of the war
• Most of it was on French land
• Lost 2 million, another 4 million wounded (out of
  39 million)
• France wants REVENGE

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animals

• 800,000 horses killed
• 40,000 dogs killed
• Winnie the Pooh
• Rin Tin Tin - famous dog that starred in 40
  movies served in the war
• Lots of courier pigeons used

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Other things to note

• UK - 250,000 amputees
• Spanish flu (h1n1) kills 50 million world wide
• USA only involved for 8 months
• Halifax explosion
• Women given the vote

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WWI firsts

• First war to be fought on 3 continents.
• First industrialized conflict.
• First use of chlorine mustard gas.
• First use of the flame thrower.
• First tank battle.
• First use of mass airplanes.

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• First use of x-ray in the military.
• First use of a blood bank.
• First use of guide dogs by blinded soldiers.
• First use of trillion in estimating war costs.
• First commissioning of war art for propaganda.
• First U.S. president to visit a European country
  while in office was Woodrow Wilson on 12/04/18