US Foreign Policy in the Americas 1901 -1921

1
US Foreign Policy in the Americas1901 -1921

• Big Stick, Dollar Moral Diplomacy
• Styles of Intervention

2
Expansion Prior to 1901
Johnsons Secretary of State, William Seward 1867
Alaskan purchase
Under McKinley -Effect of the Spanish American
War in 1898
http//www.maps.com/map.aspx?pid11326
3
Reasons for Expansion

• S
• P
• I
• R
• E

• Civilize lesser people Anglo-Saxon supremacy
  democratization
• Compete with world powers Monroe Doctrine
• Alfred Mahan Nationalism a natural extension of
  Manifest Destiny
• Christianize
• Markets, Materials Investment

4
Problems at Home

• Cycles of boom bust
• 1893 1898 3rd major depression in 25 yrs
• Labor wars
• Race riots
• Lynching

• Focus outside the US
• Safer market
• Bring US together in a common cause

http//www.kitchenandresidentialdesign.com/2010/09
/its-labor-day-in-us-heres-why.html
5
The American LakeUS Investments 1887 - 1914

• Cuba W Indies
• 50 mil ? 336 mil
• Central America
• 21 mil ? 93 mil
• Mexico
• Over 1 billion by start of WWI
• 43 mining
• 18.7 agriculture
• 13 railroads

6
"Now look, that damned cowboy is President of the
United States."

• Theodore Roosevelt
• Hero of the Spanish American War
• Nominated as McKinleys vice president to get him
  away from New York politics

http//billjames.org/
7
Monroe Doctrine

• Venezuelan Crisis (2) 1902-1903
• Failure to pay foreign debt
• US rejects Drago doctrine

Argentine Foreign Minister foreign nations do
not automatically possess the right to use force
to recover public debt direct challenge to
national sovereignty
Ends GB dominance in LA
8
Teddys Big Stick Policy
Speak softly carry a big stick, you will go
far.
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine The
Policeman of the Western Hemisphere As a
civilized nation, US has the right to end
chronic wrongdoing.
http//www.historywiz.com/bigstick.htm
9
The Dominican Republic

• Foreign debt
• US company (1892 -1904) increases debt from 5 to
  35 million
• 1904 US govt steps in to prevent foreign
  intervention
• Military occupation 1916-1924
• End result brutal dictator Rafael Trujillo
  (1924-1961)

http//www.wallstreetmuseum.org/images/TRandSA.jpg
Please help the poor foreign bond holder. T.R.
10
The Panama Canal
1889 French company failure

• 1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (GB US)
• US made but equal access for all nations

Route - Nicaragua or Panama?
http//www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/RF578.html
French investors invest in U politician!
http//worldmeets.us/critica000011.shtmlaxzz16cBS
Wo58
11
The Panama Canal
1903 Hay-Herran Treaty - 10 million 250,000/yr
Colombia wants more!
Panamanians rebel US gunboats block Colombian
navy. Nov 1903 Panama independent
http//www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/RF578.html
http//worldmeets.us/critica000011.shtmlaxzz16cBS
Wo58
12
The Panama Canal
Completed in 1914 San Fran - NYC 8,000 miles
shorter
http//www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.ph
p?id365
http//www.knightsbridgeinvest.com/panama-Extensio
n-of-Panama-Canal-by-Decent-Work-Principles-.html
13
Taft Dollar Diplomacy

• William Taft 1909-1913
• Philippines provisional governor
• Secretary of War for Roosevelt
• Supervises in Panama
• Provisional governor Cuba
• Substitution of dollars for bullets
• Loans in Honduras, 1909

14
Nicaragua

• Secretary of State Knox corporate interests
• Zelaya 16 yrs in power but rocks the boat
• 1909 Zelaya replaced by Aldolfo Diaz with US help
• Collection of custom

http//www.bestvacationdeals.com
15
Nicaragua cont.

• Marines return 1912 -1933
• Model democracy
• Train military
• Sandino leader of the liberals vs US-backed
  Samosa
• Samosa family rules 45yrs.

http//www.bestvacationdeals.com
16
Moral Diplomacy
Not the Worlds Policeman but the Worlds
Conscience

• Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921

http//www.binghamtonschools.org/education/compone
nts/scrapbook
Secr. of State William Jennings Bryan Govts
should use Christian morals Apology to Colombia
for 1903
17
Mexican Revolution

• Porfirio Diaz 1876-1911
• Francisco Madero 1911-1913, democratically
  elected
• Victoriano Huerta, Diaz loyalist, military coup
• Wilson I will not recognize a govt of
  butchers.
• US Ambassadors

18
The Meaning of Intervention

• Appeal to Constitutionalists
• Real change means total destruction of old regime
• We do NOT want American intervention.
• Wilson conquered
• Mexicans any interference

19
The Huerta Months
http//users.erols.com/mwhite28/mexico2.htm
20
Occupation of Veracruz

• April, 1914 1,000 US troops invade
• Ooops unifies ALL of Mexico
• Argentina, Brazil, Chile (ABC nations) mediate
• Removal of Huerta Wilsons absolute condition.
• Huerta steps down US troops withdraw

Quid Nunc?!?
21
Carranza Triumphs Villa Rejected

• Wilson backs Carranza
• Villa retaliates Columbus, NM raid
• March 1916 Pershing with 4,000 invades without
  permission
• Carranza sends troops north
• Wilson never sees invasion as intervention

http//www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/pershing
Pershing Punitive Expedition Well Named
22
The American LakeUS Interventions 1989 - 1921

• Occupational govts
• Cuba 1903-1934
• The Dominican Republic
• 1916-1924
• Panama 1903-1914
• Nicaragua 1912-1933
• Haiti 1915-1934
• US Troops
• Honduras, Mexico, Guatemala