Theories of Social Development

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Chapter 9 Theories of Social Development
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Stages of Psychosexual Development

• Stage 1 Oral Stage
• Birth1 year
• Satisfaction through oral pleasure

• Stage 2 Anal Stage
• 13 years
• Pleasure from defecation

• Stage 3 Phallic Stage
• 36 years
• Sexual pleasure focuses on the genitalia

• Stage 4 Latency Period
• 612 years
• Sexual energy is diverted to socially acceptable
  activities

• Stage 5 Genital Stage
• 12 years and beyond
• Sexual maturity
• Sexual intercourse is the goal

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Stages of Psychosocial Development

• Stage 1 Basic Trust vs Mistrust
• First year
• Crisis sense of trust

• Stage 2 Autonomy vs Shame
• and Doubt
• 13 years
• Crisis maintaining autonomy while facing
  increasing social demands

• Stage 3 Initiative vs Guilt
• 46 years
• Goal setting
• Crisis learning to balance between initiative
  and guilt

• Stage 4 Industry vs Inferiority
• 6puberty
• Ego development
• Crisis mastering skills to fit in with the
  culture

• Stage 5 Identity vs Role Confusion
• Adolescenceearly adulthood
• Crisis sense of identity

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Learning Theories

• Behaviorism
• John B. Watson (1878-1958)
• Psychological Care of Infant and Child (1928)
• A childrearing manual promoting distance and
  objectivity while parenting
• Little Albert

• Operant Conditioning
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• Behavior modification

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• Social Learning Theory
• Albert Bandura
• Reciprocal Determinism
• Child Environment

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Banduras Bobo Doll Experiment

• Vicarious Reinforcement
• The average number of aggressive behaviors
  children imitated after seeing a model rewarded,
  punished, or receiving no consequences for her
  behavior. In the no-incentive test, the children
  were simply left alone in the room with the Bobo
  doll but were given no instructions. In the
  positive-incentive test, they were offered a
  reward to do what they had seen the model do. The
  results clearly show that the children had
  learned from what they observed and that they had
  learned more than they initially showed. (Adapted
  from Bandura, 1965)

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• Selmans Stage Theory of Role Taking

• Before age 6
• Children are virtually unaware of any perspective
  other than their own

• Stage 1 Ages 68
• The child realizes that another person may have a
  different perspective, but believes the
  difference is due to that person not having the
  same information that they have

• Stage 2 Ages 810
• The child realizes that another person may have a
  different perspective and is able to think about
  the other persons perspective

• Stage 3 Ages 1012
• The child systematically compares the perspective
  of self, other, and a 3rd party

• Stage 4 Age 12 and older
• The adolescent attempts to understand anothers
  perspective by comparing it to a generalized
  other or to their social group

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Ecological Theories of Development
9

• Ethological Model
• Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)-Imprinting
• Evolutionary
• Parental investment theory
• Play behavior

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Gender and Psychoanalytic Theory

• Freud
• Boys Oedipus Complex
• Girls Electra Complex

Gender and Social Learning Theories

• gender-typed activities

Gender and Social Cognitive Theories

• Kohlbergs Cognitive Developmental Theory
• Gender Identity (30 months)
• Gender Stability (34 years)
• Gender Constancy (57 years)

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Gender Schema Theory

• gender schemas

Gender and Ecological Models

• Bioecological Model
• Evolutionary Psychology

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Gender segregation in play
Percent of social playtime that preschool and
first-grade children spent with children of their
own or the other gender. (Adapted from Maccoby,
1998)