Classification System

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TAXONOMY

Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name
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Classification System

• Historically, organisms were classified according
  to general characteristics within groups of
  organisms, such as whether they had a spinal
  chord. After Charles Darwin's theories on
  evolution were presented, classifications began
  to reflect evolutionary relationships between
  organisms.

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Classification Systems

• Referring to organisms by common names was
  confusing for several reasons.
• Common names vary among languages
• Different species sometimes share a single common
  name
• Scientists agreed to use a single Greek or Latin
  name for each species because all 18th century
  scientists understood Latin and Greek.
• Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist who lived
  during the 18th century, developed a two-word
  naming system called binomial nomenclature.

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Linnaeus classification system

• Based on hierarchical system of levels.
• Each level is referred to as a taxon.
• The naming system called Binomial Nomenclature
  uses the last two levels to create a two-word
  scientific name for each organism.
• The genus name is capitolized, whereas the
  species name is just underlined.
• Often, the species name is a Latinized
  description of some important trait of the
  organism or an indication of where the organism
  lives.

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Classification systems today are still based on
hierarchical categories. There are now three
domains called Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Each kingdom falls into one of the three domains.
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The two systems

• Six Kingdom System
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protist
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals

• Five Kingdom System
• Monerans
• Protist
• Fungi
• Animals
• Plants

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Taxonomy Example for Humans

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Eukarya
• Animal
• Chordate
• Mammal
• Primate
• Hominid
• Homo
• Sapien

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Domain Bacteria

• Prokaryotic (cells have no nucleus)
• Unicellular
• Have cell walls containing peptidoglycan.
• Extremely diverse group including autotrophs,
  heterotrophs, aerobes, anaerobes, and parasites.

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Domain Archaea

• Prokaryotic (cells have no nucleus)
• Unicellular
• Have cell walls without peptidoglycan.
• Many in this group live in extreme environments
  such as volcanic hot springs and black organic
  mud devoid of oxygen.
• Includes autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobes, and
  anaerobes.

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Domain Eukarya

• All Eukaryotes (cells have a nucleus)
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Examples include unicellular organisms, algae,
  fungi, plants and animals

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Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
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Kingdom Eubacteria

• Bacteria, which are simple single-celled
  organisms that are Prokaryotic (have no nucleus
  and few organelles).
• Have cell walls with peptidoglycan.
• Unicellular organisms.
• Include autotrophs and heterotrophs.
• Examples include Streptococcus, and E. coli.

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Streptococcus bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli bacteria
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Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Bacteria, which are simple single-celled
  organisms that are Prokaryotic (have no nucleus
  and few organelles).
• Have cell walls without peptidoglycan.
• Unicellular organisms.
• Include autotrophs and heterotrophs.
• Examples include Methanogens and halophiles

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Halobacteria
M. jannaschii
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Kingdom Protista

• Protists are single and multicellular organisms
  most of which live in water.
• Plant like protists contain chloroplasts and
  make their own food. Ex) Algae, Kelp
• Animal like protists are single celled and move
  by using pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia. Ex)
  Amoeba, Paramecium
• Fungus like protists include water molds and
  mildews.

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Plant-like Protists Chlorophytes (green algae)
Animal-like protists Amoeba
Fungus-like protist Stylonychia
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Kingdom Fungi

• Fungi can be unicellular but are mostly
  multicellular organisms that decompose dead
  matter in our environment.
• They are heterotrophs and are responsible for
  doing a major cleaning role in our environment.
• Fungi are found in soil, dead trees and even on
  your bread sometimes.

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Kingdom Plantae

• Plants are multicellular organisms that are
  characterized by their tough cell walls and
  photosynthetic abilities.
• They are producers and make up the base of the
  food chain.
• Divided into groups which include mosses,
  liverworts, horsetails, club mosses, ferns,
  gymnosperms ( cone bearing plants), and
  angiosperms ( flowering plants).

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Kingdom Animalia

• The Animal Kingdom is very diverse and very
  large, numbering over one million identified
  species.
• Some are vertebrates (backbone), while most (97)
  are invertebrates (no backbone).
• All animals share the following characteristics
  cannot make own food, digest their food, move
  from place to place, and have many Eukaryotic
  cells.

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Identify the Kingdom
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Identify the Kingdom
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Identify the Phylum
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Identify the Phylum
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Identify the Class
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Identify the Class
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Identify the Class