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The War Between the States

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The War Between the States aka The American Civil War The Proper Name The Congressional Record of March 2, 1928, reports Senate joint resolution No. 41 wherein ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The War Between the States


1
The War Between the States
  • aka The American Civil War

2
The Proper Name
  • The Congressional Record of March 2, 1928,
    reports Senate joint resolution No. 41 wherein
    Congress recognized the title "War Between The
    States" as proper
  • "A War was waged from 1861 to 1865 between two
    organized governments the United States of
    America, and the Confederate States of America.
    These were the official titles of the contending
    parties.
  • "It was not a "Civil War", as it was not fought
    between two parties within the same government.
  • "It was not a "War of Secession", for the
    Southern States seceded without a thought of war.
    The right of a State to secede had never been
    questioned.
  • "It was not a "War of Rebellion" for sovereign,
    independent States, co-equal, can not rebel
    against each other.
  • "It was a "War between the States", because
    twenty-two non-seceding States made war upon
    eleven seceding States to coerce them back into
    the Union of States. It was not until after the
    surrender of 1865 that secession was decided to
    be unconstitutional."

3
The Road to War
  • The Election of 1860 - With the ascension of the
    Republican party to power, Southerners feared a
    legislative attack on their society
  • Dec. 20, 1860 - South Carolina seceded
  • Feb., 1861 - Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia,
    Florida, Louisiana, and Texas secede
  • April 15, 1861 - Virginia, North Carolina,
    Arkansas, and Tennessee secede
  • After Fort Sumter
  • After Lincolns call for troops

4
The Road To War
  • War Aims
  • North - Restore the Union
  • South - Achieve independence
  • Strategy
  • North - Take the offensive. Achieve war aim by
    conquest, subjugation complete
    military victory
  • South - Stand on defense. Avoid defeat until
    Northern population tires of war. Seek
    European recognition

5
The Road to War
  • Correlation of Forces
  • Population size - Advantage North
  • Financial strength - Advantage North
  • Industrial strength - Advantage North
  • Political strength - Advantage North
  • Political unity - Advantage Draw
  • The imponderables - ?

6
The Road to War
  • Production Capacity

7
The Eastern Theater
8
The Western Theater
9
The Trans-Mississippi Theater
10
Strategies
  • Northern strategy
  • Achieve military victory through a process of
    annihilation and exhaustion.
  • Southern strategy
  • Avoid military defeat while seeking a solution
    diplomatically.

11
Strategies
  • North Strategy
  • Achieve military victory through a process of
    annihilation and exhaustion.
  • Seal off the eastern seaboard
  • Seal off the Mississippi River
  • Seal off the northern border with massive armies.
  • Large scale raids to destroy enemys logistical
    base (added later by Grant)

12
Key Tasks of the USA
  • Control the Mississippi River
  • Liberate East Tennessee
  • Wage incessant military activity in Virginia
  • Primary goal - destroy Army of Northern Virginia
  • Secondary goal - capture Richmond
  • Maintain effective blockade

13
Strategies
  • Southern strategy
  • Avoid military defeat while seeking a diplomatic
    solution.
  • Should South stand on defensive or attack?
  • Which theater of war was most vital?
  • Davis wavered

14
Key Tasks of the CSA
  • 1. Avoid destruction of the army
  • 2. Prevent deep penetrations
  • 3. Convince England that the South can win
  • 4. Demoralize the northern population

15
War in the East
  • 1861 - 1862

16
War in the West
  • 1862

17
Battle of Hampton Roads
  • 9 March 1862

18
War in the East
  • 1862

19
Strategic Balance
  • 1862

20
Emancipation Proclamation
  • Abraham Lincoln If I could save the Union
    without freeing any slave, I would do it if I
    could save the Union by freeing all the slaves, I
    would do it If I could do it by freeing some and
    leaving others alone, I would also do that. What
    I do about slavery and the colored race, I do
    because I believe it helps save the Union.
  • William Seward (Sec. State) We show our
    sympathy with slavery by emancipating slaves
    where we cannot reach them, and holding them in
    bondage where we can set them free.

21
Emancipation Proclamation
  • That on the first day of January, in the year of
    our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
    sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within
    any State or designated part of a State, the
    people whereof shall then be in rebellion against
    the United States, shall be then, thenceforward,
    and forever free
  • Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of
    the United States, by virtue of the power in me
    vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and
    Navy of the United States in time of actual armed
    rebellion, and as a fit and necessary war measure
    for suppressing said rebellion, do order and
    designate as the States and parts of States
    wherein the people thereof respectively, are this
    day in rebellion against the United States, the
    following, to wit Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana,
    (except the Parishes ) Mississippi, Alabama,
    Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
    and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties
    designated as West Virginia, and also
  • And I further declare and make known, that such
    persons of suitable condition, will be received
    into the armed service of the United States to
    garrison forts, positions, stations, and other
    places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said
    service.
  • And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an
    act of justice, warranted by the Constitution,
    upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate
    judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of
    Almighty God.
  • By the President ABRAHAM LINCOLN

22
Lees Invasion Goals
  • 1863
  • Get fighting out of Virginia and away from
    Richmond
  • Relieve pressures on armies in Tennessee and
    Mississippi
  • Acquire badly needed food and supplies
  • Hoped decisive victory on northern soil would
    lead to recognition by England
  • Hoped to demoralize North so South could present
    peace proposal

23
Battle of Gettysburg
  • 1 3 July 1863

24
The Mississippi Valley
25
Strategic Balance
  • 1863
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