The French Revolution

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The French Revolution

• The Revolution
• that changed the world

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Basics 4 Vocab

• Three estates Frances 3 social classes the
  clergy (1st), the nobility (2nd), and everyone
  else (3rd)
• Bourgeoisie the middle class and highest level
  of the 3rd estate
• Estates-General Frances legislative,
  law-making, body in which each estate had one
  vote
• National Assembly Revolutionary legislature
  formed when the 1st 2nd estates locked the 3rd
  estate out of the Estates-General
• Tennis Court Oath Oath taken by the National
  Assembly to not leave until there was a new
  French Constitution

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More Basics 4 Vocab

• Bastille Parisian prison that was destroyed
  July 14th 1789 as crowds searched for weapons and
  gunpowder to protect themselves from the French
  Army
• Sans-culottes working class revolutionaries who
  pushed for a republic and wanted to end the
  monarchy
• Jacobins middle class lawyers and intellectuals
  who were in favor of a republic
• Émigré clergy and nobles who fled France and
  revolutionaries with tales of mob violence that
  frightened many European monarchs

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Last slide of Basics 4 Vocab

• Suffrage the right to vote
• Robespierre leader of the Committee of Public
  Safety, a Jacobin, he took control of the French
  Revolution and began the Reign of Terror
• Reign of Terror September 1793 July 1794
  which tried about 300,000 individuals and
  executed 17,000 enemies of the revolution
• Nationalism feelings of pride and love for
  ones country

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French Society divided into three estates

• First Estate Second Estate
• Third Estate

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of Land
of Pop.
Taxation Level
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Third Estate

• Divided into three sub classes
• 1. Merchants and artisans
• Rich and well educated (liberal ideologies)
• 2.Working Class (cooks, servants, and others)
• Poor wage earners
• Price of bread was very important to them
• 3. Farmers (80 of people)
• Heavily taxed, had to work for nobles/
• clergy for free

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Frances National Problems

• Crop failures led to grain shortages
• Large debt due to Wars
• (in the Americas)
• Bankers refused to lend
• more money
• 3. Weak leader

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King and Queen of France

• Louis XVI-
• Great Grandson of Louis XIV
• Not very focused on his duties
• Wanted to have fun (hunt, play with locks, etc)
• Marie Antoinette-
• Daughter of Austrian Maria Theresa
• big spender

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Louis is forced to call the Estates-General (May
1789)

• meeting of all 3 estates
• first time in 175 yrs.
• Each estate gets 1 vote
• (clergy had one, nobles had one)
• 3rd Estate was always
• outvoted by the other two estates

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Estates-General of May 1789

• Estates-General called at request of 1st 2nd
  Estates
• Goal To limit the powers of the monarchy
• Similar to Englands Glorious Revolution
• 1st and 2nd Estate
• feared losing money from Louis big
  spendingwanted to control him
• 3rd Estate
• complained about unequal voting rights.
• Estates-General refused to listen to them and the
  3rd Estate was locked out.

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Tennis Court Oath (June 1789)

• Third Estate met separately
• New nameNational Assembly
• Declared that the Assembly, not the king, were
  the voice of the people

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Louis was so disconnected from his people

• Louis was so disconnected from the people that he
  wrote in journal (on the day of the Storming of
  the Bastille) Rein or nothing happened
  referring to his afternoon hunt

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Palace of Versailles (where King Louis is living)
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The Great Fear (July 20th August 5th 1789)
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Declaration of the Rights of Man

• Issued August 26, 1789
• Men are born and remain free and equal in
  rights
• Women were not included
• Right to liberty, property, security, and
  resistance to oppression
• Sets up a Constitutional Monarchy

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Slogan of Revolution

• Liberty, Equality,
• and Fraternity
• (brotherhood)

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Womens Bread Riot, October 5th 1789

• Price of bread (and other necessities) rise
• Thousands of women took up arms and marched 12
  miles to Versailles (Kings palace)
• Killed two guards
• Forced the king and his family to move to Paris

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Louis tries to escape France (June 1791)

• On his way to Austria
• Stopped by townsmen and guards
• Many argue that the King is not to be trusted

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Frances Radical Groups
Political Spectrum
Right Conservative, wants to go back to old times
Left Liberal, wants extreme change

• Sans-culottes
• those without knee breeches
• mobs wage earners of the cities
• far left supporters

• Émigrés
• nobles and clergy who fled France
• Far right supporters

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Europe turns against the Revolution

• Austria (Maries Homeland) feared that the
  revolution against nobility would spread to other
  nations.
• Austria declared war on France in 1792, later
  joined by Prussia, Holland, Spain, and England..
• French Émigrés joined with the foreigners.
• Austrian and Prussian forces near Paris and
  threatened to destroy Paris if the Royal family
  was harmed
• Outraged Parisian mob kills the Kings Swiss
  guards and imprisons the royal family in a tower.

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The Last Straw the September Massacre (1792)

• The Sans-culottes hear that they are losing power
  and kill over a 1,000 noble, clergy other
  prisoners
• Power is transferred to the Left Radicals called
  the Jacobins
• No longer interested in allowing a Monarch to
  govern now they want a new form of government

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King No More

• The revolutionaries defeat the invading armies
• The Jacobins establish a Republic.
• Louis is beheaded by the Guillotine (Jan. 1793)

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Guillotine

• Decapitation was punishment for nobilitynow
  equal

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New Leader Maximilien Robespierre

• Revolution goes past politics
• Slavery is outlawed
• Death penalty is outlawed (predict why is this
  ironic?)
• Religious Freedom for Jews and Protestants
• Playing cardsno jacks, queens and kings
• Calendar was changed to 12 months 30 days each
• 10 day week, no Sundays
• (religion seen as old fashion)
• All churches were closed
• Bread prices were controlled

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Committee of Public Safety (July 1793 to July
1794)

• Led by Robespierre
• Ordered to root out traitors of the Revolution
• No one was safe
• Neighbor turned on neighbor

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Reign of Terror

• Run by the Committee of Public Safety
• Killed
• Marie Antoinette
• early leaders of the revolution
• fellow Jacobins
• Robespierre was killed (July 1794)
• About 40,000 people had been killed,
  mostcommoners

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The Directory

• Five Moderates
• Next and final leaders of the revolution
• Corrupt and relatively weak
• Could not provide stability
• Bread prices increase again
• New movement to restore the Monarch
• Not ideal, but compared to the Terror it was
  breath of fresh air to the weary French people

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Napoleon Bonaparte

• ends the Revolution but thats another story