Hydroxyl (alcohol)

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Hydroxyl (alcohol) Carbonyl (aldehyde)
(ketone) Carboxyl Methyl Ethyl Phenyl
Amino Amido Guanidino Imidazole Sulfhydryl Di
sulfide Phosphoryl
Ester Thioester Ether Anhydride Mixed
anhydride Phosphoanhydride
Know the names and the structures
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Some important types of non-redox reactions

1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions
2. Isomerization reactions
3. Condensation and hydrolysis

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Nucleophilic substitution reactions
2 types of mechanisms dissociative and
associative
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Nucleophilic substitution can also occur at P in
phosphate derivatives
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Isomerization Reactions
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Condensation and hydrolysis
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The Serine Proteases(proteolytic enzymes)

• Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, thrombin,
  subtilisin
• Trypsin, chymotrypsin elastase together form a
  potent digestive team
• All these enzymes catalyze the break down of
  peptide bond
• Synthesized by pancreas secreted into the
  duodenum
• All involve a serine in catalysis - thus the name
  
• Ser is part of a "catalytic triad" of Ser, His,
  Asp
• Serine proteases are homologous, but locations of
  the three crucial residues differ somewhat
• Enzymologists agree, however, to number them
  always as His-57, Asp-102, Ser-195

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Close-up of the active site
Two of the active site residues are partially
visible
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Catalytic mechanism of serine protease
(Resembles Transition state)
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What is a redox reaction?
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Example of a redox reaction
oxidation
OIL RIG
reduction
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Ethanol Fermentation
Fermentation of glucose to ethanol Wine making
baking both exploit this process
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3
bisphosphoglycerate
Compound with high phosphate group-transfer
potential

• NAD is the primary oxidizing agent of
  glycolysis
• NADH produced here must be continually
• reoxidized to keep this pathway supplied
  with NAD

From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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NAD/NADH
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Elemental Composition of the Human
Body Element Dry Weight () Elements Present in
Trace Amounts C 61.7 B N 11.0 F O
9.3 Si H 5.7 V Ca 5.0 Cr P
3.3 Mn K 1.3 Fe S 1.0 Co Cl
0.7 Cu Na 0.7 Zn Mg 0.3 Se Mo
Sn I
Calculated from E. Frieden, Sci Am. 227(1), 54-55
(1972)
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Elements essential to animal life and health
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Iron-sulfur centers
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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Ferredoxin of the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120
2Fe-2S center
Fe
S
From Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
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inside
outside
outside
inside
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Cytochrome c