The Age of Exploration

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The Age of Exploration
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Europeans Set Sail
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A. The Commercial Revolution

• The Black Death
• a. 1347-1350
• b. Italian merchants arrived from Asia with
  rats infested with the bubonic plague
• c. killed 1/3 of Europes population
  (approximately 75 million people)

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A. The Commercial Revolution
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A. The Commercial Revolution contd

• The Commercial Revolution Begins
• a. the Black Death caused a labor shortage
  which led to a wage increase
• b. merchants and craftspeople raised and
  lowered prices to make a profit
• c. farmers grew specialized crops and cities
  specialized in certain crafts

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A. The Commercial Revolution contd

• Banks and Bankers
• a. loaned money for interest (i.e. the Medici
  family of Florence)
• b. bankers became influential
• c. merchants created joint- stock companies to
  reduce risk of business start-up

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B. The Renaissance (Italy, mid-1300s to 1600s)

• Education and Ideas
• a. combined the rediscovery of ancient Greek
  and Roman works with new ideas
• b. encouraged strong moral values

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B. The Renaissance (Italy, mid-1300s to 1600s)

• 2. Science and Technology
• a. aided by earlier Arab scholars whose works
  were translated from Arabic into Latin
• b. new inventions
• 1. the magnetic compass and the
  astrolabe (both of which helped with
  navigation)
• 2. the printing press

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B. The Renaissance contd

• The Growth of the Arts
• a. influenced by ancient Greek and Roman
  sculpture and architecture
• b. famous artists
• 1. Leonardo da Vinci artist who studied
  architecture, astronomy, biology, geology, and
  machinery
• 2. Michelangelo sculptor and painter
• c. wealthy people hired many to create works

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B. The Renaissance contd
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C. Trade with Africa and Asia

• 1. Trade Risks and Rewards
• a. Consumer goods
• 1. African trade included gold, ivory,
  salt, and slaves
• 2. Asian trade included silk and spice
• b. Trade routes
• 1. overland by the Silk Road
• 2. by sea through the Mediterranean
• c. Costs were high because of the many merchant
  who handled the goods

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C. Trade with Africa and Asia contd

• Reasons for the Search for a Sea Route
• a. to break Venices monopoly on the Asian
  trade
• b. to learn more about the Asian culture, an
  interest created by Marco Polos book
  Description of the World
• c. to spread the teachings of Christianity

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C. Trade with Africa and Asia contd

• Portugal Takes to the Seas
• a. Prince Henry the Navigator
• 1. improved navigational instruments and
  encouraged his designers as they
  created the caravel
• 2. paid for exploration of the west coast of
  Africa

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C. Trade with Africa and Asia contd

• Portugal Takes to the Seas contd
• b. Bartolomeu Dias
• 1. discovered safe passage around the
  southern tip of Africa
• 2. named the point the Cape of Good
  Hope

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C. Trade with Africa and Asia contd

• Portugal Takes to the Seas contd
• c. established the European trade of African
  slaves

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II. Voyages to the Americas
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A. A Bold Idea

• Christopher Columbus believed in a western route
  to Asia via the Atlantic Ocean
• Problems
• a. scholars claimed in was 10,000 miles from
  Europe to India
• b. navigation and food preservation
• c. Columbus erred in calculating the earths
  circumference
• d. could not find investors

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A. A Bold Idea contd

• Financial Support
• a. Reconquista the centuries long struggle to
  drive the Moors from Spain ended in 1492
• b. Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to fund the
  voyage because they hoped to compete with
  Portugal

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A. A Bold Idea contd

• c. In exchange, it was agreed that Columbus
  would
• 1. claim any lands for Spain
• 2. become viceroy (Royal Governor) of any
  lands
• 3. receive 1/10 of all gold and 1/8 of any
  trade profits

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B. Columbuss Explorations

• First journey
• a. Left on August 3, 1492
• b. carried three ships the Santa Maria, a
  cargo ship the Nina and the Pinta, both
  caravels
• c. carried one years supplies
• d. sighted land on October 12, 1492,
  thirty-three days after leaving the Canary
  Islands

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B. Columbuss Explorations contd

• First journey contd
• e. landed on San Salvador, then Cuba and
  Hispaniola
• f. discovered the Taino, whom he called Indians
• g. spent two months exploring the areas
• h. the Santa Maria sank

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B. Columbuss Explorations contd

• First journey contd
• i. Columbus left crew members as a small colony
  which he called La Navidad
• j. he brought back gold nuggets, exotic
  treasures, and six Taino

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B. Columbuss Explorations contd

• First journey contd
• k. Line of Demarcation granted to Spain by
  Pope Alexander gave Spain all land found 300
  miles west the Azore Islands

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B. Columbuss Explorations contd

• First journey contd
• l. Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and
  Portugal, changed the line to 800 miles

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B. Columbuss Explorations contd

• Three more voyages
• a. found La Navidad destroyed and the sailors
  dead
• b. discovered South America
• c. colonies did not survive because the Spanish
  could not grow European crops in the tropics
• d. enslaved the natives despite Isabellas
  instructions not to do so

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B. Columbuss Explorations contd
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III. The Race for Trade Routes
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A. Portugal Takes the Lead

• Vasco de Gama discovered the route around the
  southern tip of Africa to India
• 2. Pedro Alvares Cabral tried to follow de
  Gamas route but was blown off course and landed
  in South America in present day Brazil

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B. Other Early Explorations

• John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) 1497-1498, claimed
  North America for King Henry VII of England
• 2. Amerigo Vespucci 1501, sailed with a Spanish
  expedition and wrote exaggerated stories which
  were printed in a bookthus North and South
  America were named

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B. Other Early Explorations contd

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1513
• a. overthrew the governor of the Spanish
  settlement in Panama, improved living
  conditions for the colonists, and made peace
  with the local tribes
• b. first to sight the Pacific Ocean from South
  America
• c. executed by Spain for overthrowing the
  governor

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B. Other Early Explorations contd

• Ferdinand Magellan 1519-1522
• a. sailed around the southern tip of South
  America, through the Strait of Magellan, and
  across the Pacific Ocean to the present day
  Philippines
• b. only one of the five original ships
  returned, only 18 or 240 crew members
• c. profit paid for the entire voyage
• d. circumnavigated the world (40,000 miles)

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B. Other Early Explorations contd
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C. Searching for a Northwest Passage

• 1. Giovanni da Verrazzano 1524, the eastern
  coast of North America (from Georgia to Maine)
• Jacques Cartier 1534, eastern coast of North
  America (Canada and Newfoundland)

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C. Searching for a Northwest Passage contd

• 3. Henry Hudson 1610, New York, Hudson River,
  Hudson Bay
• 4. Samuel de Champlain 1615, explored the St.
  Lawrence River

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D. Effects of Exploration

• Venice lost its trade monopoly and subsequently
  declined
• Portugal and Spain controlled trade and grew
  stronger
• The Columbian exchange the transfer of plants,
  animals, and diseases
• Land was claimed by various European nations

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Works Cited

• Brinkley, Alan. American History A Survey.
  Vol 1. Boston McGraw-Hill College, 1999.
• Stuckey, Sterling, and Linda Kerrigan Salvucci.
  Call to Freedom Beginnings to 1914. Austin,
  Texas Holt, Rinhart, and Winston,
• 2000.