Rice Plant- and Leaf Hoppers

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Pesticide Use in IPM
Introduction Pesticides have of course played a
commendable role in increasing our food
production and protecting us against disease
vectors. However, sole reliance on pesticides has
created several problems in the environment.
Adverse effects of pesticides prompted scientists
to look for environment friendly methods of pest
control and consequently IPM was conceptualized.
Manual knapsack sprayer
Power sprayer
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In IPM, different methods of pest control such as
resistant varieties, cultural methods, physical
methods, natural enemies and pesticides are
integrated to suppress pest population without
jeopardizing other components of the environment.
Pesticides have definite role to play in IPM but
their use has to be need-based. Pesticides are
important weapons with man against obnoxious
pests and their useful life needs to be prolonged
through their judicious application.
IPM Concept
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• Harmful effects of indiscriminate pesticide use
• Harmful effects on non-target organisms
• Development of pest resistance against pesticides
• Pest outbreaks and resurgences
• Toxic residues in food
• Contamination of soil, water and air
• Health hazards
• Pesticides constitute an importance resource and
  it is after great effort that an effective
  molecule is discovered. Therefore, pesticides
  need to be used in a judicious manner so as to
  avoid their harmful effects on environment.

Rice crop damaged during BPH outbreak
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• Judicious pesticide use
• If pesticides have to play a significant role in
  pest management, they need to be used in
  accordance with IPM principles. These have to be
  used judiciously as last resort and not as first
  option. Need for pesticide use should be
  determined through continuous monitoring of pests
  on crop. Pesticides should only be used if pest
  incidence tends to approach economic threshold
  level. Properly timed one pesticide application
  may very well substitute for 3-4 ill timed
  treatments.

Pest monitoring
Pheromone trap
Light trap
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Economic threshold levels (ETL) of crop pests
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• Selective use of pesticides
• In case pesticide application is unavoidable,
  preference should be given selective pesticides.
  Such pesticides are effective against target pest
  but pose less hazard to non-target organisms
  such as natural enemies of pests, pollinators and
  earthworms.
• Some of such pesticides are buprofezin, which is
  effective against homopterans like planthoppers,
  neem, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt),
  nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) etc.

Earthworms
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Natural enemies of pests

• Pesticides can also be made less hazardous
  through use of safer formulations such as
  granules. Pesticide granules like carbofuran 3G
  or cartap 4G prove effective against rice pests
  without jeopardizing natural enemies of pests.
• Pesticide should be strictly used in recommended
  doses avoiding their overuse and misuse.

Spider
Rove beetle
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Adverse effects of pesticides can also be reduced
by precise placement and proper timing. Foliar
application of contact pesticides proves
effective against planthoppers only if directed
at plant bases and goes waste if carried out on
foliage.
Sprayer nozzle directed at plant stems
BPH on rice stem
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Likewise, pesticide application against stem
borer should coincide with egg hatching. Natural
enemies can also be protected through spot
application wherein areas with high natural enemy
density should not be treated.
Stem borer damage
Distinguish pests and useful organisms
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Pesticide use under Good Agricultural Practices
(GAP)

• Continuously monitor crops.
• Use pesticide only if pest population reaches
  economic threshold level
• Use recommended pesticides at prescribed dosage
• Read Pesticide labels carefully.
• Purchase pesticides from reliable source and
  insist for bill
• Keep pesticides under lock key and away from
  reach of children and animals
• Bury empty containers deep in soil away

Fruit fly trap
Pest monitoring
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• For regular pests seed treatment or seedling root
  dip- requires less pesticide with least
  environmental contamination
• Granular formulation safer to natural enemies but
  do not apply after flowering
• Sprayer should be in proper functioning so as to
  form right droplet size
• Do not spray under wind speed greater than 5
  km/hr and spray in the direction of the wind. Do
  not spray if rain is forecast as it would be a
  waste
• Applicator should use proper gear so as to
  protect his body from exposure.

Ensure proper droplet size
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• Avoid pesticide application during blooming of
  crops. If indispensable then spray during evening
  hours when honey bees are not active.
• Observe waiting period
• Use pesticides as last resort and not as first
  option
• Prefer selective pesticides or selective
  formulations
• Do not tank mix pesticides. Use combination
  products.

Protect honeybees
Mustard crop
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Some of the newer pesticides required in lower
quantity
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• Lets Sum Up
• Sole reliance on pesticides for pest control has
  created several problems.
• Pesticides are important weapons with man against
  obnoxious pests and
• their useful life needs to be prolonged through
  their judicious application.
• Need for pesticide use should be determined
  through continuous pest
• monitoring on crops and should only be used if
  pest incidence tends to
• approach economic threshold level.
• Properly timed single pesticide application may
  very well substitute for
• 3-4 ill-timed treatments.
• Preference should be given selective pesticides
  that are effective against
• target pest but pose less hazard to non-target
  organisms like neem, Bt etc.
• Pesticides can also be made less hazardous
  through use of safer
• formulations such as granules. Adverse effects of
  pesticides can also be reduced by their precise
  placement.

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