CONQUEST, COLONIZATION

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CONQUEST, COLONIZATION COLONIALISM

• CE 636 (Yarmouck) 1810 (Independence)

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After Defeating Byzantine Christians Muslim
Militants Move on Western Europe (Pre-conquest)
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Battle of Guadalete(711)

• Invading force of Muslim Arabs and Berbers under
  ?ariq ibn Ziyad
• Destruction of Christian army under King Roderic
• Opens way for Islamic conquest of Spain

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Maximum Extent of Muslim Conquest
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Re-conquest Gains Momentum
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Moslem Spain Center of High Culture
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Moslem Spain Enclave in Al-Andalus
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Expulsion of Moors in 1492 leads to interest in
the Atlantic Region
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Spain Establishes its Presence in the Caribbean
Basin 1492 1515

• Hispanola first center of imperial power
• Cuba supplants Hispanola as the center of Spanish
  power in the Caribbean (1515)

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Conquest of Mexico

• Mexico Falls to Spain 1519
• Moctezumas apprehension
• Noche Triste in Tenochtitlan
• Smallpox and the end of the Aztec empire
• Mexico City becomes the capital of New Spain

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Caribbean Basin
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Conquest of Guatemala

• Maya civilization in decline
• Known as Greeks of New World
• City states at war with each other
• Guatemala Falls to Pedro Alvaraco (1523)
• Cultural genocide of the Mayas

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Conquest of Spanish South America

• Hernando Pizarro sets sale for the South (1530)
• The Nature/Extent of the Inca Empire
• Capture of Atahualpa at Cajamarca
• Ransom and execution
• Cuzco captured (1533)
• Order not consolidated until 1551

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Conquest Spills Over North South

• Spanish occupy Colombian highlands and establish
  Bogotá
• Venezuela a frontier outpost
• Argentina / Viceroyalty de La Plata
• Settled from Peru
• Of secondary importance

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Spanish Empire at its Height16th Century
The Pillars of Hercules with the motto Plus
Ultra as symbol

symbol of the Emperor Charles V in the Town
Hall of Seville
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Discovery Conquest of Brazil

• 1500 accidental discovery (Pedro Cabral)
• Indifference gives way to interest
• Profits in dyewood
• French designs
• Fear of Spanish designs
• Stress of maintaining Asian colonies

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Sailing ships and the discovery of Brazil
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Occupation and Conquest of Brazil

• Portuguese presence in enclaves within
  captaincies
• Individual captaincies stretched inland from an
  Atlantic seaboard
• Captaincy of Pernambuco in the north (source of
  dyewood)
• Captaincy of Sao Vicente in the south (aim at
  containing Spain)

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Battle of Ksar El Kebir 1578

• Result
• Decisive Moroccan victory
• 1580 Portuguese succession crisis
• Philip II of Spain ascends to throne of Portugal
  
• Dynastic union between Portugal and Spain
• Minimal concern over
• boundaries between Brazil and Spanish colonies

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Spanish Colonialism Conflicting Imperial
ideologies

• Aristotilian notion of Juan Gines de Sepulveda
• Thomistic view of Bartolome de las Casas
• Franciscan mysticism of Friar Geronimo de Mendieta

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Spanish Empire in the Americas

• Political
• Territorial organization
• Council of the Indies
• Royal government
• Cabildo

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Spanish Empire in the Americas Social Structure I

• Classes Casts
• Peninsulares
• Criollos
• Mestizos
• Mulattos
• Indians
• Blacks
• Zambos

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Spanish Empire in the Americas Social Structure
II

• Church
• Conversion
• Ideology
• Tied with royal authorities
• Education
• Law
• Medicine
• Theology
• Engineering

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Spanish Empire in the Americas Political Economy

• Agriculture and the repartimientos
• Royal Exchequer
• Spanish commercial system
• Mercantilism
• Embedded privileges
• Industry prohibited (in general)

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Portuguese Establish a Presence the New World

• Control by means of system of captaincies (type
  of concession)
• Donatarios
• Similar to English colonies in North America
• Difficulties in holding territory against
  European competitors

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Portuguese Consolidate their Brazilian Empire

• Centralization in 1549
• Appointment of Capitão Mor (Captain general)
• Bahia is capital of all Brazil

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Portuguese Empire in BrazilForeign Competitors

• Spanish Interlude (1580-1640)
• Half-hearted efforts by British and French

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Portuguese Empire in BrazilThe Dutch Challenge

• Dutch West India Company attempts to repeat its
  victory in the East Indies
• Capture of Bahia (1624) and Recife (1630)
• Eventually held 1,200 miles of coast
• Expulsion of the Dutch
• Turned on military developments in Europe
• Dutch withdrew from Recife in 1654

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Portuguese Empire in Brazil

• Class structure mimics that of the Spanish empire
  but fewer Amerindians and more Africans
• Church is pivotal Europeanizing agency
• Education
• Pivotal role of church
• Most of elite went to Coimbra (Portugal) for
  university education