Biology 102

1

• Biology 102
• Laboratory 1
• Blood and Blood Typing

2
Lab Safety and Laboratory Overview

• Lab Safety
• Inside front cover of your Marieb/Mitchell
  Laboratory Manual
• IT Policies
• Safety Equipment for lab
• Lab Overview
• Lab slides/handouts - I will provide copies
• Prep for lab
• Grading policy for lab
• Making up missed labs

Please be sure to put your name in the proper
location on the laboratory seating chart and sign
the IT policies sheet before you leave today.
3
Objectives for Lab 1

• Be able to read and interpret a blood typing
  agglutination reaction and determine blood type
  from what you see
• Understand what determines blood type and under
  what circumstances a transfusion reaction may
  occur, i.e., what serum antibodies must be
  present for a reaction to take place
• Be able to distinguish the formed elements of
  blood under the microscope or from a
  photomicrograph, and know the approximate
  percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and
  monocytes

4
Neutrophils

• light blue granules in acid-base stain
• lobed nucleus
• other names
• segs
• polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs)
• bands (young neutrophils)
• first to arrive at infections
• phagocytic
• 54 - 62 of leukocytes
• elevated in bacterial infections

5
Basophils

• deep blue granules from basic stain
• release histamine
• release heparin
• less than 1 of leukocytes

6
Eosinophils

• deep red granules in acid stain
• bilobed nucleus
• moderate allergic reactions
• defend against parasitic worm infestations
• 1 - 3 of leukocytes
• elevated in worm infestations and allergic
  reactions

7
Monocytes

• largest blood cell
• kidney-shaped or oval nuclei
• leave bloodstream to become macrophages
• 3 - 9 of leukocytes
• elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis

8
Lymphocytes

• about the size of RBC
• large spherical nuclei
• thin rims of cytoplasm
• T cells
• B cells
• important in immunity
• produce antibodies
• 25 - 33 of leukocytes
• decreased T Cells in AIDS

9
Antigens and Antibodies

• The major function of the immune system is to
  distinguish self from non-self
• Antigens are glycoproteins that can potentially
  trigger an immune response (agglutinogens)
• An antibody is a protein that binds specifically
  to a particular antigen (agglutinins)

10
ABO Blood Group
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Agglutination

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Blood Agglutination
Anti-D Rh factor
Agglutination(positive rexn)
Homogeneous lawn of RBCs (negative rexn)
Figure From Martini, Anatomy Physiology,
Prentice Hall, 2001
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Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for
Transfusion
NOTE Type AB is a universal recipientType O is
a universal donor
14
Rh Blood Group Factor
Several antigens, most important is antigen D If
any Rh antigens present, blood is Rh Anti-Rh
antibodies develop after exposure of an Rh-
individual to Rh blood.
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Determining if a transfusion reaction will occur

1. When transfusing packed red cells, only RBCs
   will be transfused from donor to recipient
2. Must consider ONLY if the antibodies present in
   the recipients plasma will react with the
   donors RBCs.

Example Transfusing CELLS from a type B donor to
the PLASMA of a type A recipient.
Cells
Plasma
Cells
Plasma
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Review
BLOOD TYPE A B AB O
Antigen on RBCs A B A and B neither A or B
Antibodies in plasma B A neither A or B both A and B
Compatible donors A, O B, O AB, A, B, O O
Incompatible donors B, AB A, AB NONE A, B, AB
Genotype IAIA OR IAi IBIB, IBi IAIB ii
Phenotype type A type B type AB type O
AB universal recipient, O universal donor
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Things you should do in lab today

• Examine the blood slide under the microscope
• Blood slide be able to recognize and
  distinguish among the different types of cells as
  well as platelets
• Refer to your
• Mariebs Lab Manual for pictures/guidance (Ex.
  29)
• See Lab Guide (handout) checklist of cells for
  which you are responsible for Laboratory Exercise
  1
• Test a simulated blood sample (work with a
  partner)
• Use the Wards kits to test a sample of simulated
  blood see the instructions in your Lab Guide
• Determine the blood type
• Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in today
• Please try to log on to the computer at your
  station

18
Next Lab

• Suggest that you review the following exercises
  in preparation for examining models and learning
  blood vessels
• See Blood/Cardiovascular links on Web site
• Heart Anatomy (Human models and Steer hearts)
• See Exercise 30 in Mariebs Lab Manual
• Dont forget your dissecting kits, safety
  glasses, and gloves!
• Be sure to review what you did today and complete
  Review Sheet for Exercise 29 in your lab manual
  (you do not have to hand this in).