Eoc by essential standard.

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Eoc by essential standard.
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• A runner is competing in a 10km track meet and
  just before completing the race, the runner is
  nearly out of breath and the energy needed to
  finish the race. Which cell structure is most
  affected by the lack of energy?
• A. Nucleus
• B. Ribosome
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Plasma Membrane

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C. mitochondria
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• What can be used to distinguish between
  eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
• A. Only eukaryotic cells come from preexisting
  cells.
• B. Only prokaryotic cells are the smallest unit
  of living organisms.
• C. Only prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes.
• D. Only eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound
  organelles.

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D. Only eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound
organelles.
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• Explain how many of the cells in an individual
  can be very different from one another in terms
  of structure and function, even though they
  descended from a single cell and thus have
  essentially identical genetic material.

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• DNA is the same in every cell within an organism
  which is obtained when the egg cell and sperm
  cell unite. Cell differentiate as different
  parts of the DNA is turned on and turned off.
  The parts that are turned on and off have to do
  with the environmental influence of cells around
  the cell

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• Nerve cells and bone cells are specialized cells
  that descend from the same single cell
  (fertilized egg). Which statement best explains
  how each type of cell results in a different
  structure with a specialized function?
• A. Nerve cells and bone cells begin with the
  same structure however, bone cells harden
  overtime.
• B. Nerve cells and bone cells receive different
  DNA that determines the structure and function
  that each will perform.
• C. Nerve cells and bone cells receive the same
  DNA however only specific parts of the DNA are
  activated in each cell.
• D. Nerve cells and bone cells receive the same
  DNA however, bone cells receive more to make the
  protective outer covering.

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C. Nerve Cells and Bone cells receive te same
DNA however only specific parts of the DNA are
activated in each cell
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• The diagram below shows the same type of molecule
  on side A and side B. Over time what is the
  likely result?
• 
  
  Side B
• A. More molecules will be on side B than side A.
• B. More molecules will be on side A than side B.
• C. Equal number of molecules will be on side
  AB.
• D. All of the molecules will move towards the
  membrane.

Side A
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c. Equal number of molecules will be on Side A
B
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• A student observes a typical onion root tip where
  many of the cells have just successfully
  completed mitosis. Which statement best explains
  what must have happened to result in cells that
  only have half as many chromosomes as all of the
  other cells in the same section of the tip?
• A. The parent cell completed mitosis after
  undergoing interphase.
• B. The parent cell completed mitosis after
  undergoing cytokinesis.
• C. The parent cell completed mitosis before
  undergoing cytokinesis.
• D. The parent cell completed mitosis before
  undergoing interphase.

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D. The parent cell completed mitosis before
undergoing interphase
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• Cell cycle checkpoints are proteins that monitor
  and regulate the progress of the cell cycle in
  eukaryotic cells. Which statement best describes
  what would most likely happen if a cell is
  permitted to progress to mitosis without the
  preparation stage of interphase?
• A. The new cells would have all of the
  organelles except the nucleus.
• B. The new cells would have all of the
  organelles except the mitochondria.
• C. The number of chromosomes in the daughter
  cells would be the same as the number of
  chromosomes in the parent cell.
• D. The number of chromosomes in the daughter
  cells would be different from the number of
  chromosomes in the parent cell.

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D. The number of chromosomes in the daughter
cells would be different from the number of
chromosomes in the parent cell.
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• A single celled organism is placed in fresh
  water. The contractile vacuole pumps excess
  water out of the cell. How does this action help
  the organism survive?
• A. It helps the organism maintain a stable
  internal environment.
• B. It helps the organism communicate with other
  cells.
• C. It helps the organism reproduce.
• D. It helps the organism convert energy.

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a. It Helps the organism maintain a stable
internal environment
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• The diagram shows a glass container covered with
  plastic.
• The diagram shows a thriving ecosystem. Analyze
  the flow of energy and cycling of matter between
  the environment and the organisms.
• Use your analysis of the system and briefly teel
  how carbon is related to the flow of energy and
  cycling of matter between the environment and the
  organisms.
• In your answer include the following information
• Name the carbon compound that is exchanged
  between pants and their environment and tell how
  it is significant to maintaining the health a
  stability of the ecosystem.
• Describe how plants use carbon from the
  atmosphere to create more complex molecules.
• Describe how animals that eat plants change these
  molecules and return carbon to the atmosphere.
• Describe the direction of flow of energy through
  the ecosystem.

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• Radiant energy from the light allows plants,
  which are autotrophs or producers to convert
  carbon dioxide and water into glucose, an organic
  form of chemical energy, and oxygen which is
  released into the air through the stomates
  underneath the leaf. In plants and plant-like
  protists photosynthesis occurs in the
  chloroplast. The process of photosynthesis
  allows not only the plants to have food but also
  heterotrophs to have a chemical form of energy,
  glucose, because they must consume there food.
  Because only 10 of the energy moves to the next
  trophic level due to organisms high usage of
  energy in metabolism and maintaining homeostasis,
  there always must be more autotrophs than
  heterotrophs for an ecosystem to be in balance.
• Heterotrophs, autotrophs, and decomposers (a type
  of heterotroph) must then break down glucose to
  make energy through the process of cellular
  respiration. Aerobic respiration, which requires
  oxygen made in photosynthesis is the most
  efficient form of respiration because glucose is
  broken all the way down into carbon dioxide,
  water, and 36-38 ATP. Cellular respiration
  occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic
  organisms. Anaerobic respiration occurs when
  oxygen is not present and only releases 2ATP.
  The carbon dioxide that is released by the animal
  is then diffused into the leaf so that more
  photosynthesis can take place. Decomposers in
  the soil break down dead organisms releasing
  carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as well and
  recycling carbon.

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• If more snails are added to the ecosystem, what
  effect would that have on the plants in the
  container?

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• Because snails are consumers, they would eat the
  plants decreasing the population. If two many
  snails are added to the ecosystem, food resources
  which are the plants would become limiting
  factors. Competition would occur between the
  snails. Carrying capacity would be reached in
  the ecosystem.

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Characteristics Insect-Pollinated Plants Wind and Water Pollinated Plants
Appearance Often colorful Plain
Reproductive Parts Sometimes hidden Exposed

• The differences in the above characteristics of
  flower species most likely resulted from
• A. Adaptations in response to different
  environmental factors.
• B. Parasitism which did not harm the host
  species.
• C. Defensive mutations allowing concealment of
  species.
• D. Mutualism between different plant species.

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A. Adaptations in response to different
environmental factors.
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• During extreme conditions like drought or high
  heat, frogs will dig a hole in the soil and bury
  themselves in the soil and bury themselves.
  Sometimes frogs will shed a layer of skin, wrap
  it around themselves for more protection, and
  wait for rain. How does this adaptation aid the
  frogs?
• A. This adaptation aids in the survival of
  frogs.
• B. This adaptation attracts other frogs for
  mating.
• C. This adaptation helps the frog find food.
• D. This adaptation aids in the growth of frogs.

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A. This adaptation aids in the survival of frogs.
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• Darwins studies of finches on the Galapagos
  Islands suggest that the finches differences in
  beak structure were most directly due to
• A. Acquired characteristics in the parent
  finches
• B. Mating behaviors of the different finch
  species
• C. The size of the island where the finches live
• D. Adaptations of the finches to different
  environments

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d. Adaptations of the finches to different
environments.
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• Below is a picture of a Viceroy and a Monarch
  butterfly.
• To birds, the Monarch butterfly looks like the
  Viceroy butterfly. The Monarch butterfly is
  distasteful to birds however, the Viceroy
  butterfly is not. Once a bird tastes a Monarch
  butterfly, it will not attempt to eat a Viceroy
  butterfly. How is this adaptation an advantage
  to the Viceroy butterfly?
• A. This adaptation aids in the survival of the
  Viceroy butterfly.
• B. This adaptation attracts other Viceroy
  butterflies for mating.
• C. This adaptation helps the Viceroy butterfly
  find food.
• D. This adaptation aids in the growth of the
  Viceroy butterfly.

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a. This adaptation aids in the survival of the
viceroy butterfly.
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• Classify the relationship between flowering
  plants and bees, where the plant provides the bee
  with food and the bee spreads pollen for the
  plant.
• A. Commensalism
• B. Mutualism
• C. Parasitism
• D. Predation

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b. Mutualism
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• The graph below represents the changes in deer
  population on an island over time.
• Identify major areas on the graph that represent
  population changes and discuss reasons theses
  changes have occurred.

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• Initially population growth on the island is slow
  even though there are plenty of resources because
  the number of deer reproducing is low.
  Exponential growth occurs during the steep sloped
  section of the graph. During this time there are
  plenty of biotic and abiotic factors to sustain
  the population. The graph reaches a peak in
  which resources such as food, water, space, even
  disease impact the population. Competition
  occurs because the organisms have the same
  habitat and niche. The graph levels off at
  carrying capacity, the highest number of
  organisms that an ecosystem can maintain.

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• Which of the following has contributed most to
  the overall warming of the Earths atmosphere?
• A. The burning of fossil fuels
• B. The depletion of the ozone
• C. The occurrence of acid rain
• D. The melting of the polar ice caps.

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A. The burning of Fossil fuels
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• What benefit does recycling provide for the
  biosphere?

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• Recycling allows reuse of limited resources.
  Without recycling there would be extensive
  amounts of trash which are problematic as well as
  lack of resources like aluminum, plastic, and
  glass which are non-biodegradable. Biodegradable
  materials allow carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous
  to be returned to the soil and atmosphere by
  fungi and bacteria, enriching soil allowing for
  better producer growth.

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• If a strand of DNA is CTGCAT, what is the
  sequence of nucleotides in the complementary
  strand?
• A. GACGTA
• B. CTGCAT
• C. AGTACG
• D. GACGUA

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A. GACGTA
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• This chart represents amino acids that are coded
  from different combinations of mRNA codons.
• Which amino acid sequence can be coded from the
  DNA sequence CAG TAG CGA?
• A. Valine-Isoleucine-Glycine
• B. Valine-Aspartic Acid-Alanine
• C. Valine-Isoleucine-Alanine
• D. Valine-Phenylalanine-Alanine

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• C. Valine-Isoleucine-Alanine

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• Which of the following changes in DNA is likely
  to have the greatest effect on the resulting
  peptide?
• A. In a strand of DNA, one C is changed to a T
• B. A G is inserted at the beginning of a gene
• C. A G is inserted at the end of a gene
• D. In a strand of DNA, one T is changed to a C

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B. A G is inserted at the beginning of a gene
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• Why is the process of meiosis important to sexual
  reproduction?
• A. It provides genetic variation in offspring.
• B. It doubles the number of chromosomes in
  offspring.
• C. It reduces the number of alleles from parent
  to offspring.
• D. It produces a hybrid of all genetic traits in
  offspring.

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A. It provides genetic variation in offspring.
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• A parent with Type A blood and a parent with Type
  O blood have a child. Which of the following is
  a possible genotype of their offspring?
• A. IAIA
• B. IAIB
• C. IBi
• D. ii

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• D. ii

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• Why do identical twins become less alike as they
  grow older?
• A. Because the environment plays a role in
  influencing individuals
• B. Because the genetic makeup of the individuals
  changes
• C. Because the individuals cells undergo
  mitosis
• D. Because the number of recessive alleles
  exceeds the number of dominant alleles.

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A. Because the environment plays a role in
influencing individuals
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• Himalayan rabbits carry the C gene, which is
  required for the development of pigments in the
  fur, skin, and eyes. Specifically, the C gene is
  maximally active from 15?C to 25?C(Figure 1)and
  inactive above 35?C (Figure 2). This gene
  expression produces rabbits with a distinctive
  coat coloring.
• Below is a picture of two Himalayan rabbits.
• Why do these Himalayan rabbits exhibit different
  colors of fur?
• A. The environment determines whether the gene
  for cuf pigmentationis expressed.
• B. The genetic makeup of the rabbits change
• C. The rabbits color changed in order to
  attract a mate.
• D. The rabbits cells undergo mitosis.

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A. The environment determines whether the gene
for fur pigmentation is expressed
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• The diagram shows DNA fingerprinting from a
  daughter horse, the mother horse, and four
  possible fathers. Which horse is most likely the
  father?
• Horse 1
• Horse 2
• Horse 3
• Horse 4

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C. Horse 3
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• How is the process of gene therapy used to treat
  cystic fibrosis?
• A. By replacing the abnormal gene with a copy of
  the normal gene.
• B. By removing a portion of the abnormal gene
• C. By adding a nitrogen base to the beginning of
  the DNA sequence
• D. By inducing a mutation.

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a. By replacing the abnormal gene with a copy of
the normal gene
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• Should there be laws to regulate stem cell
  research? Justify your answer.

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• Different things you can discuss would be
  embryonic vs. adult stem cells, Potential for
  disease because of not being able to control the
  cell cycle once inserted into the new organism,
  do your stem cells belong to once they are in the
  lab, are they available for research at this
  point, are they available for use to people that
  you are a close match to

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• Species A and Species B share similarities in DNA
  sequence. What would this suggest about their
  evolutionary relationship?
• A. Species A developed before species B.
• B. Species A and B share s recent common
  ancestor.
• C. Species A and B are unrelated.
• D. Species B developed before species A.

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B. Species A and B share a recent common
ancestor.
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• During the Industrial Revolution, there were two
  variations of English Peppered Moths, those with
  light color and those with dark color. The soot
  from the factories covered the trees. Data was
  collected to measure the percentage of each type
  of moth in the area. It was noted that the
  percentage of dark colored moths increased over
  time, while the percentage of light colored moths
  decreased. What is the likely explanation for
  this change?
• A. The presence of a mutation changed the color
  of the English Peppered Moths.
• B. The presence of the dark colored variation
  increased the likelihood for survival for the
  English Peppered Moths
• C. The presence of the light colored variation
  increased the likelihood for survival of the
  English Peppered Moths
• D. The presence of an acquired trait changed the
  color of the English Peppered Moths.

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B. The presence of the dark-colored variation
increased the likelihood for survival of the
English-peppered moths.
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• Why are incidences of sickle cell anemia more
  common in areas known for high occurrence of
  malaria?

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• Sickle cell anemia is more common in areas known
  to have malaria because of stabilizing selection.
  People that are carriers of the trait for sickle
  cell, or are heterozygous for the trait, do not
  get malaria because the sporozoan protist will
  not grow in sickled cells. When two heterozygous
  individuals are crossed the offspring have a 25
  chance of getting sickle cell, a 50 chance of
  being immune to malaria and a 25 chance of not
  having sickle cell but being able to get malaria.

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• A researcher sprays a new pesticide on thousands
  of insects of the same species that live in a
  large field. A few of the insects survive. What
  can be concluded by the researcher?
• A. The species of insects will likely become
  resistant to the pesticide.
• B. The ideal interval between the first and
  second applicztio s of the pesticide should be
  increased.
• C. The pesticide has no effect on the species.
• D. The concentration of the pesticide was too
  weak.

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A. The species of insects will likely become
resistant to the pesticide.
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• How did organisms like the euglena, which are
  heterotrophic and autotrophic change the
  classification system?

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• Protists fall into 3 categories animal like ,
  plant like and fungal like. Euglena are
  unicellular and eukaryotic so they fall into the
  kingdom protista. Because they have flagella and
  are heterotrophic, they are more like the animal
  like protists which have a phylum of their own.
  Because they have chloroplasts and can
  photosynthesize they are also autotrophic which
  makes them more plantlike which has a phylum all
  its own. They have to have their own class
  because they take on characteristics of both
  organisms but because they move, they are listed
  as a protozoan.

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• Using the key provided, drawing three can be
  identified as which bird?
• 1a. Larger than 40cm..2
• 1b. Not larger than 40 cm4
• 2a. Hooked beak..3
• 2b. Beak not hooked.Phasianus
  colchicus
• 3a. Feathers over eyes that look like
  ear....Bubo virgianus
• 3b. No feathers that look like
  earsHaliaeetus leucocephalu
• 4a. Head one solid color of feathers.5
  
• 4b. Head not solid color of feathers
  Colinus virginianus
• 5a. Bill Flat.Anus
  platyrhynchos
• 5b. Bill pointes Archiliachus
  colubris

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• A. Bubo virginianus

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• Based upon the dichotomous key above, which two
  organisms are more closely related? Explain
  your reasoning.

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• Anas platyrhynchos and Archilochus colubris have
  the most similar characteristics only being
  separated by the shape of their bill.