GHSGT Review

1
GHSGT Review

• Government

2
SSCG2 The student will analyze the natural
rights philosophy and the nature of government
expressed in the Declaration of Independence

• Compare and contrast the Declaration of
  Independence and the Social Contract Theory
• John Locke believed that people were born with
  certain natural rights, which included life,
  liberty, and property. He also advocated Social
  Contract Theory, which states that there is an
  implied contract between government and citizens.
• Thomas Jefferson asserted in the Declaration of
  Independence that all men are created equal and
  that men are born with certain inalienable
  rights, which include life, liberty, and the
  pursuit of happiness.
• The Declaration of Independence echoes the
  theories of John Locke in asserting natural
  rights, that government obtains its power from
  the consent of the people, and that citizens have
  the right to resist and/or replace it with a new
  system.

3
SSCG2 The student will analyze the natural
rights philosophy and the nature of government
expressed in the Declaration of Independence

• b. Evaluate the Declaration of Independence as a
  persuasive argument
• The Declaration of Independence makes these
  arguments
• All men are created equal
• Unalienable rights life, liberty, and the
  pursuit of happiness
• Powers of government from consent of the governed
• Grievances against the king of England, George
  III
• When revolution should occur
• When government becomes destructive
• Government should not be changed for light or
  transient causes
• After a long period of abuses and usurpations

4
Question

• Which document formally proclaimed the American
  colonies independence from Great Britain?
• The social contract
• The letters of the Enlightenment
• The Declaration of Independence
• The writings of John Locke

5
Answer

• C. the Declaration of Independence

6
Question

• Rights which human beings are born with and which
  no government has a right to take away are called
• Declaratory rights
• Natural rights
• Social rights
• Alienable rights

7
Answer

• B. Natural rights

8
SSCG3The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the United States Constitution

• Explain the main ideas in debate over
  ratification include those in The Federalist
• Federalists favored a strong central government
  and
• supported the Constitution.
• Anti-Federalists feared a strong central
  government. Believed the federal government could
  only do what the Constitution specifically said.
• The Federalist Papers- Essays written to persuade
  ratification of the Constitution by easing fears.
  Supported by George Washington, Alexander
  Hamilton, and John Adams.
• The Anti-Federalists agreed to ratify the
  Constitution if a Bill of Rights was added.

9
SSCG3The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the United States Constitution

• C. Explain the fundamental principles upon which
  of the United States Constitution is based
  include the rule of law, popular sovereignty,
  separation of powers, checks and balances, and
  federalism.
• Rule of law the U.S. is a society governed by
  set laws.
• Everyone must obey the
  nations laws.
• Popular Sovereignty the belief that the
  government is empowered by the will of its
  people. Eventually led to demand that all
  citizens be given the right to vote.
• Separation of Powers power is divided by three
  branches legislative, judicial, and executive.
• Checks and balances allows each branch to check
  the powers of the other two.
• Federalism power is divided between different
  levels of government. In the U.S. the national
  and state governments share power.

10
SSCG4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the organization and powers of the national
government

• Describe the structure and powers of the
  legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
• Executive President enforces laws
• 1. 4-year terms, limited to 2 terms
• 2. Elected by Electoral College
• 3. Powers and Duties (Article II, Sections 2 3)
• a. Commander-in-chief of armed forces
• b. Can make treaties
• c. Can appointment Supreme Court justices,
  Cabinet
• 4. The Vice-President and Cabinet are
• part of the executive branch

11
SSCG4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the organization and powers of the national
government

• Legislative - Congress makes laws
• BICAMERAL Two Houses
• House of Representatives
• Representation based on population
• At least one per state
• Special power to impeach, initiate tax bills
• Presiding officer Speaker of the House
• Senate
• Representation is equal 2 per state
• Special power to approve Presidents treaties and
  appointments (2/3 majority required)
• Serves as jury during impeachment trials
• Presiding officer Vice-President of the U.S.

12
SSCG4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the organization and powers of the national
government

• Judicial Supreme Court interprets laws
• 1. Highest court in the nation
• 2. Court of final appeal
• 3. Congress establishes inferior courts

13
SSCG4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the organization and powers of the national
government

• Analyze the relationship between the three
  branches in a system of checks and balances and
  separation of powers.
• See next slide

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• Executive Branch
• The President
• Enforces the nations laws
• Heads the armed forces
• Represents the nation in foreign affairs

Can Propose legislation Veto legislation Call
special legislative sessions Recommend
appointments Negotiate foreign treaties
Can Appoint federal judges Grant pardons and
reprieves to federal offenders

• Legislative Branch
• Congress
• Passes taxes
• Makes new laws

• Judicial Branch
• Supreme Court
• (and other Federal Courts)
• Decides whether or not laws are constitutional

Can Pass legislation Override a presidential
veto Confirm executive appointments Ratify
treaties Appropriate money Impeach and remove a
President
Can Declare executives actions and laws
unconstitutional
Can Create lower federal courts and
judgeships Impeach judges Propose constitutional
amendments to override judicial decisions Approve
appointments of federal judges
Can Declare legislation unconstitutional
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Question

• The idea of a legislative branch making the laws,
  an executive branch enforcing the laws, and a
  judicial branch overseeing application of the law
  is consistent with
• Separation of powers
• Checks and balances
• Federalism
• Popular sovereignty

16
Answer

• A. Separation of Powers

17
Question

• Which of the following states that governments re
  empowered by and exist for the people they
  governed?
• Federalism
• Popular sovereignty
• Anti-federalism
• Checks and balances

18
Answer

• B. Popular sovereignty

19
SSCG5 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the federal system of government described in the
United States Constitution.

• Explain the relationship of state government to
  the national government.
• Under our federal system of government, power is
  divided between states and the national
  government.
• According to the 10th Amendment, any powers not
  specifically granted to the national government
  are reserved for the states.
• No state government may pass a law that violates
  the U.S. Constitution.

20
SSCG5 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the federal system of government described in the
United States Constitution.

• Define the difference between enumerated and
  implied powers.
• Enumerated Powers are explicitly granted by the
  Constitution.
• Implied Powers are powers not specifically
  mentioned in the Constitution.

21
SSCG5 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the federal system of government described in the
United States Constitution.

• c. Describe the extent to which power is shared.
• The Supremacy Clause states that the Constitution
  is the supreme law of the land and takes
  precedence over any state or local laws.

22
SSCG5 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the federal system of government described in the
United States Constitution.

• d. Identify powers denied to state and national
  governments.
• Any powers expressly denied the national
  government are also denied to the states and no
  state government may pass a law that violates the
  U.S. Constitution.

23
SSCG5 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the federal system of government described in the
United States Constitution.

• f. Analyze the supremacy clause found in Article
  VI and the role of the U.S. Constitution as the
  supreme law of the land.
• Article 6 Constitution is the supreme law of the
  nation.
• - No federal, state, or local law can
• conflict with the Constitution.

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SSCG6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
civil liberties and civil rights.

• Examine the Bill of Rights with emphasis on First
  Amendment freedoms.
• The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10
  amendments to the United States Constitution.
• The 1st Amendment guarantees the following for
  citizens
• Freedom of speech
• Freedom of the press
• Freedom to petition the government
• Freedom to assemble
• Freedom of religion
• Separation of church and state

25
SSCG6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
civil liberties and civil rights.

• b. Analyze due process law expressed in the 5th
  and 14th Amendments.
• The 5th Amendment ensures that no person shall be
  imprisoned or deprived of his or her property
  without due process.
• Due process prevents government abuse and ensures
  citizens charged with a crime are not denied
  their rights during judicial hearings.
• The 14th Amendment makes it illegal for any state
  government to pass laws denying liberties
• guaranteed under the Bill of Rights.

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SSCG6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
civil liberties and civil rights.

• d. Explain how government seeks to maintain the
  balance between individual liberties and the
  public interest.
• Individual liberties are the personal freedoms
  every citizens enjoys under the Constitution.
• Public interest refers to those things which
  citizens have a common interest public safety,
  national security, a healthy environment,
  protection from dangerous products in the market
  place, etc.
• At times, protecting public interest can infringe
  on individual liberties. For instance, following
  the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the
  U.S. government passed the PATRIOT Act, which
  grants government officials greater freedom to
  monitor phone calls, emails, and other forms of
  communication.
• Many appreciate such a law because it protects
  the public.
• Others, say such laws go too far because they
  invade citizens privacy and violate individual
  liberties.

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SSCG6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
civil liberties and civil rights.

• e. Explain every citizens right to be treated
  equally under the law.
• Today, the Constitution has been amended so that,
  at least in theory, every U.S. citizen is given
  equal protection under the law regardless of skin
  color, gender, age, wealth, etc.

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SSCG7 The student will describe how thoughtful
and effective participation in civic life is
characterized by obeying the law, paying taxes,
serving on a jury, participating in the political
process, performing public service, registering
for military duty, being informed about current
issues, and respecting different opinions.

• U.S. citizens must fulfill a number of civic
  responsibilities in order for U.S. society to
  function.
• These civic duties include
• Obeying laws
• Paying taxes
• Serving jury duty
• Performing public service
• Registering for the draft (required for
  18-year-old males)
• Political participation
• Staying well-informed

29
SSCG8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
local, state, and national elections.

• Describe the organization, role, and
  constituencies of political parties.
• The U.S. Constitution says nothing about
  political parties
• Despite pleas from George Washington, political
  parties have become an important part of U.S.
  policies.
• Political parties are organizations that promote
  political beliefs and sponsor candidates.
• The U.S. operates on a two-party system
• These two parties are the Democrats and
  Republicans

30
SSCG8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
local, state, and national elections.

• (Political parties continued)
• Political parties serve the following functions
• They nominate candidates for office
• Coordinate the actions of government officials
• Establish party platforms
• Each party has it general constituency, which is
  the people who make up and are represented by the
  party.
• Democrats are identified as more liberal
• Republicans are generally more conservative

31
SSCG8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
local, state, and national elections.

• b. Describe the nomination and election process
• Local , state, and federal officials are voted
  into office by means of a general election
• To decide on a single nominee, primary elections
  are held to choose between candidates within the
  same party
• In presidential elections, the winner is not
  directly chosen by the people, but by the
  Electoral College.
• In a general election, whichever presidential
  candidate wins the most votes in a particular
  state is awarded ALL of that states votes in the
  Electoral College.
• Georgia currently has 15 electoral votes

32
SSCG9 The student will explain the differences
between the House of Representatives and the
Senate, with emphasis on terms of office, powers,
organization, leadership, and representatives of
each house.
U.S. Congress U.S. Congress U.S. Congress
House of Representatives U.S. Senate
Representation By population of state 2 per state
Length of terms 2 Years 6 Years
Leadership Led by Speaker of the House Led by Vice President and president pro tempore
33
SSCG10 The student will describe the
legislative process including the roles played by
committees and leadership.

• Explain the steps in the legislative process.

Introduce in Either House or Senate as a Bill
Referred to Committee
Debated in floor of House or Senate and voted on
Goes to other legislative body (House or Senate)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
NO
NO
NO
Goes to President
NO
Kills Bill
2/3 of each body (House and Senate) needed to
pass over Presidents veto
Yes
Yes
Becomes law
34
SSCG10 The student will describe the
legislative process including the roles played by
committees and leadership.

• b. Explain the function of various leadership
  positions within the legislature.
• The top post in the House of Representatives is
  the Speaker of the House.
• The Vice President presides over the Senate, but
  he/she only votes if his/her vote is needed to
  break a tie.
• When the Vice President is not present, the
  president pro tempore takes his/her place
• The two major parties with the Senate and House
  of Representatives have leaders.
• The majority leader is the elected leader of the
  majority party
• Conversely, the minority leader leads the
  minority party.

35
SSCG12 The student will analyze the various
roles played by the President of the United
States include Commander-in-Chief of the Armed
Forces, chief of state, foreign policy leader,
and party leader.

• Duties and powers of the President
• Chief Executive the nations recognized leader
  and head of the executive branch. Ultimately
  responsible for enforcing the nations laws
• Commander-in-chief the top military commander
• Foreign policy leader plays a major roles in
  deciding how the U.S. will deal will foreign
  countries and international situations. He/she is
  responsible for negotiating treaties and
  agreements with other nations. The president is
  the nations chief of state and it foremost
  representative.
• Appoints pubic officials including heads of
  federal departments and federal judges
• Party Leader the president acts as the head of
  his/her political party.

36
SSCG14 The student will explain the impeachment
process and its usage for elected officials

• Explain the impeachment process as defined in the
  U.S. Constitution.
• The president may be impeached (charged with
  wrongdoing while in office) by the House of
  Representatives if suspected of treason, bribery,
  or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
• If this occurs, the president stands trial in the
  Senate
• If two-thirds of the Senate finds him/her guilty,
  then he/she is removed from office.
• Only two presidents have been impeached Andrew
  Johnson and Bill Clinton. Neither was found
  guilty.

37
SSCG15 The student will explain the functions of
the departments and agencies of the federal
bureaucracy.

• b. Explain the functions of the Cabinet
• Members of the President's Cabinet act as his
  official advisory group and head executive
  departments. The President appoints members of
  his cabinet and the Senate must confirm them.
  Here is a list of the 14 executive departments.

Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Defense Department of Education Department of Energy Department of Health and Human Services Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of the Interior Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of State Department of Transportation Department of the Treasury Department of Veterans' Affairs
38
SSCG16 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the operation of the federal judiciary.

• Explain the jurisdiction of the federal courts
  and the state courts.

U.S. Supreme Court
U.S Court of Appeals
State Supreme Court
U.S. District Courts
Appellate Courts
Superior Courts
Lower Courts
39
SSCG16 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the operation of the federal judiciary.

• b. Examine how John Marshall established the
  Supreme Court as an independent coequal branch of
  government through his opinions in Marbury v.
  Madison.
• Power of Judicial Review (Marbury v. Madison)
• Article 5 Amending the Constitution
• i. Two-thirds of both house of Congress may
  propose
• ii. Two-third of states may call for national
  convention to propose (never used)
• iii. Requires three-quarters of states to ratify
  (officially approve) before itbecomes a permanent
  part of the U.S. Constitution

40
SSCG16 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
the operation of the federal judiciary.

• c. Describe how the Supreme Court decides cases.
• The Supreme Court Chooses which cases it will
  head.
• If a case is refused, the decision of the lower
  court will stand.
• If the Supreme Court accepts a case
• Both sides will present written briefs (legal
  arguments)
• Supreme Court Justices will apply the
  Constitution when making their decision
• After heading all arguments, the justices will
  vote
• There are 9 justices, so 5 votes are needed for a
  majority

41
SSCG20 The student will describe the tools used
to carry out United States foreign policy
(diplomacy economic, military and humanitarian
aid treaties sanctions and military
intervention).

• Foreign policy refers to the United States
  relations with other nations and how it handles
  international situations. The president is
  predominantly responsible for determining the
  U.S. foreign policy.
• Diplomacy is the process of nations coming
  together to find peaceful solutions.
• The U.S. offers economic, humanitarian, and
  military aid to countries that are less developed
  or hurting as a result of a national disaster.
• Treaties are formal international agreements
  between nations.
• Sanctions are restrictions or policies placed on
  a country that may be violating international
  agreements
• Sanctions placed on North Korea for pursuing the
  development of nuclear weapons
• Military intervention is the most drastic measure
  for dealing with international conflicts.
• The U.S. has been involved in Iraq and now
  Afghanistan and Pakistan fighting the war on
  terror.

42
Question

• The U.S. Constitution gives state governments the
  authority to be involved in al of the following
  areas except
• Tax collection
• Public education
• Treaty negotiation
• Highway construction

43
Answer

• C. Treaty negotiations

44
Question

• What is the main purpose of the national
  conventions that the Republican and Democratic
  parties hold every four years?
• To organize state primaries
• To develop legislative strategies
• To caucus about foreign-policy issues
• To nominate presidential candidates

45
Answer

• D. To nominate presidential candidates

46
Question

• Which government body acts as the jury in an
  impeachment trial in the United States?
• The Senate
• The Cabinet
• The Supreme Court
• The House of Representatives

47
Answer

• A. The Senate

48
Question

• What is the primary function of leaders within
  the legislative branch of the U.S. federal
  government?
• To introduce bills proposed by the president
• To advance the goals of their political parties
• To carry out federal laws passed by both houses
  of Congress
• To confirm the constitutionality of bills with
  the Supreme Court.

49
Answer

• B. To advance the goals of their political parties

50
Question

• What is the purpose of the first 10 amendments to
  the U.S. Constitution?
• To limit the federal governments powers
• To expand the courts authority to review federal
  laws
• To guarantee citizens voting rights regardless
  of race or gender
• The establish checks and balances between the
  executives and legislative branches.

51
Answer

• A. To limit the federal governments power

52
Question

• Which idea from Social Contract Theory
• is expressed within the U.S. Declaration
  of Independence?
• Congress must consist of two legislative houses
• Political term limits are necessary for all
  elected officials.
• Government authority comes from the consent of
  the governed.
• Individual citizens must be protected by a
  federal bill of rights.

53
Answer

• C. Government authority comes from the consent of
  the governed.

54
Question

• How the U.S. chooses to interact with other
  nations and handle international situations is
  known as
• Diplomacy
• Foreign policy
• Military intervention
• International sanctions

55
Answer

• B. Foreign policy

56
Question

• A proposal that has been introduced by a member
  of Congress to be considered as a potential law
  is called what?
• A resolution
• An act of Congress
• A bill
• A veto

57
Answer

• C. A bill

58
Question

• Congress is composed of
• The federal judiciary
• The House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate
• The executive branch
• The cabinet and the federal bureaucracy

59
Answer

• B. The House of Representatives and the U.S.
  Senate.

60
Question

• The authority of the Supreme Court to declare
  acts of Congress unconstitutional was established
  in which court case?
• Marbury b. Madison (1803)
• McCullough v. Maryland (1819)
• Korematsu v. United States (1944)
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

61
Answer

• A. Marbury b. Madison (1803)

62
Question

• Nicholas Davis is extremely disappointed.
  Although the president of the United States
  nominated him to serve on the Supreme Court, the
  U.S. Senate voted down his nomination. This
  scenario is an example of which principle at work
• Separation of powers
• Popular sovereignty
• The legislative branch
• Checks and balances

63
Answer

• D. Checks and Balances

64
Questions

• The First Amendment to the United States
  Constitution guarantees
• Freedom of speech
• Due process
• Trial by jury
• The right to bear arms

65
Answer

• A. Freedom of Speech