US FOREIGN POLICY

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US FOREIGN POLICY FROM 1920 TO 1941
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The Road to World War II 1919-1939
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Foreign Policy Tensions
Interventionism
Disarmament

• Isolationism
• Nativists
• Anti-War movement
• Conservative Republicans

• Collective security
• Wilsonianism
• Business interests

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American Isolationism

• Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to
  allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.
• Security treaty with France also rejected by the
  Senate.
• July, 1921 ? Congress passed a resolution
  declaring WW I officially over!

Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. R-MA
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Problems in Europe After WWI

• Great Depression
• Economic people were jobless
• Political weak governments could not solve
  problems in their countries. Fear of Jews and
  Communists
• Social times of unrest people look for a leader.

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dictators
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

• Power of government rests in one man.
• TOTAL POWER
• No freedoms in this society..
• Usually racist and discriminatory towards certain
  groups
• Often have large militaries and must expand and
  conquer to gain approval from their people.

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dictators
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

• Benito Mussolini
• 1922/Italy---Facism
• Believe, Obey and Fight
• Revive the Roman Empire

• FACISM BASED ON A SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY IN THE
  OLD ROMAN EMPIREa philosophy or system of
  government that advocates or exercises a
  dictatorship, state control of industry, racial
  superiority, supremacy of the leader, limits
  civil rights, together with an ideology of
  belligerent nationalism, militarism and
  expansion..

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dictators
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

• Joseph Stalin
• 1921/Soviet Union Communism
• Spread Communism throughout the world

• Stalin maneuvered himself into becoming the
  leader of the Soviet Union.
• The Russian Revolution was led by the people to
  overthrow a monarch but when the new ruling class
  took over, there were no protections of peoples
  rights NO BILL OF RIGHTS
• Communism and fascism are similar in their
  ideologies

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dictators
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

• Took the form of a god and ruled Japan from 1926
  to 1989.
• Japans Manifest Destiny was to expand into China
  and the rest of Asia.
• Empire of the Sun

Emperor Horhito
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dictators
TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

• 1931/Japan, expansionist and military leader
• Would threaten our island possessions and U.S.
  trade policy into China, Open Door Policy.
• Planned the Pearl Habor attack

• Hideki Tojo

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TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

• Adolph Hitler, fought in WWI and hated the Treaty
  of Versailles
• 1920s, became involved with the NAZI party which
  wanted to restore German pride.
• Became dictator of Germany in 1933.

• Create a new empire, Third Reich
• Revenge towards the Treaty of Versailles
• Rearm Germany
• Take back land lost from WWI

dictators
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Collective Security
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Washington Naval Conference1921-1922
U. S. Britain Japan France
Italy 5 5 3 1.67
1.67
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Washington Naval Conference

• Four-Power Pact (December 13, 1921).
• Britain, France, Japan and the United States
  agreed to submit disputes among themselves over
  Pacific issues to a conference for resolution.
• Pledged mutual respect for the possessions and
  mandates of other signatories (participants) in
  the Pacific.

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Washington Naval Conference

• Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6,
  1922).
• The leading naval powers, Britain, France, Italy,
  Japan and the United States pledged adherence to
  limitations on the tonnage of capital ships and
  accepted a moratorium on new naval construction.
  5-3-1 ration
• Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships
  in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for
  every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan
  agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet
  the ratio.

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Washington Conference

• Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6,
  1922).
• Agreed on a series of rules for the use of
  submarines in future warfare and also outlawed
  the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon.
  

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Washington Conference

• Nine-Power Treaty (February 6, 1922).
• Big Four, plus Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands,
  Portugal and China endorsed the Open Door Policy
  and pledged mutual respect for Chinese
  territorial integrity and independence.
• In the following months, the U.S. Senate ratified
  all of the treaties from the Washington
  Conference.

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Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

• 60 nations committed to outlawing aggression and
  war for settling disputes.
• Problem ? no way of enforcement.

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Kellog Briand Pact

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing
  war as an an instrument of national policy, and
  was further notable for the following
• The pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations.
• In the following months, more than 60 countries
  joined in this renunciation of war.
• The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee
  studied the matter and issued a report that
  maintained that the pact did not impair the
  nations ability to act to protect the Monroe
  Doctrine.
• US Senate ratified this treaty.

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Kellog Briand Pact
Afghanistan Finland Peru
Albania Guatemala Portugal
Austria Hungary Rumania
Bulgaria Iceland Russia
China Latvia Kingdom of the Serbs
Cuba Liberia Croats and Slovenes
Denmark Lithuania Siam
Dominican Republic Netherlands Spain
Egypt Nicaragua Sweden
Estonia Norway Turkey
Ethiopia Panama
Additional countries which join by July 24,
1929. Persia, July 2, 1929 Greece, August 3,
1929 Honduras, August 6, 1929 Chile, August 12,
1929 Luxemburg August 14, 1929 Danzig,
September 11, 1929 Costa Rica, October 1, 1929
Venezuela, October 24, 1929.
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Kellog Briand Pact

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing
  war as an an instrument of national policy, and
  was further notable for the following
• Major problems with this treaty
• No enforcement mechanism was provided for
  changing the behavior of warring signatories.
• The agreement was interpreted by most of the
  signatories to permit defensive war.
• No expiration date was provided.
• No provision existed for amending the agreement
  was included.

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Kellog Briand Pact

• In the 1930s, the idealism of ending all war
  would be shattered when the Japanese, Italy,
  Germany and Soviet Union began WWII.
• Idealism, is what it is ideas. Some can work
  and others cant.
• In a realistic world, countries realized that
  they needed to protect themselves from aggressor
  nations.
• It is still this way today but we have the United
  Nations to promote world peace and contain
  aggressor nations.

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Dawes and Young Plan

• Dawes Plan
• Presented in 1924 by the committee headed by
  Charles G. Dawes to the Reparations Commission of
  the Allied nations. It was accepted the same year
  by Germany and the Allied Nations.
• The Dawes Committee was entrusted with finding a
  solution for the collection of the German
  reparations debt, set at almost 54 billion.
• Germany had been lagging in payment of this
  obligation and the Dawes Plan provided a
  repayment schedule over 4 years to the Allies.
  The Germans would continue to lag behind in
  payments.

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GREAT DEPRESSION EVENTS
DEBTS

• US high tariffs (Hawley-Smoot Tariff) caused
  Great Britain and France to not trade with US.
• US became economic isolationist.
• Because of this, Great Britain and France did not
  pay back war debts to the US.
• GB and France defaulted on their debt because
  they had paid in blood.

PRIVATE LOANS
WALL STREET BANKERS
US INVESTORS
GERMANY
WAR DEBT PAYMENTS
REPARATIONS
GREAT BRITAIN
ALLIED WAR DEBT PAYMENTS
US TREASURY
FRANCE
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• Young Plan
• Program for settlement of German reparations
  debts after WW I.
• After the Dawes Plan was put into operation
  (1924), it became apparent that Germany could not
  meet the huge annual payments, especially over an
  indefinite period of time.
• The Young Plan which set the total reparations
  at 26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58
  1/2 years was thus adopted by the Allied Powers
  in 1930 to supersede the Dawes Plan.
• Germany felt the full impact of economic
  depression and a moratorium was called for the
  fiscal year 193132.
• When Adolf Hitler took over Germany, he defaulted
  on the unpaid reparations debt.
• After Germany's defeat in World War II, an
  international conference decided (1953) that
  Germany would pay the remaining debt only after
  the country was reunified.
• West Germany paid off the principal by 1980 then
  in 1995, after reunification, the new German
  government announced it would resume payments of
  the interest.

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Dawes Plan (1924)
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Clark Memorandum (1928)

• Clark pledged that the US would not intervene in
  Latin American affairs in order to protect US
  property rights.
• This was a complete rebuke of the Roosevelt
  Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine!

Secretary of StateJ. Reuben Clark
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FDRs Good Neighbor Policy

• Important to have all nations in the Western
  Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.
• FDR ? The good neighbor respects himself and the
  rights of others.
• Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.

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democracies
U.S RESPONSE TO FASCIST AGGRESSION

• BETWEEN 1931 TO 1941, JAPAN INVADES MOST OF ASIA
  AND WAS THREATENING U.S. ISLANDS AND OUR OPEN
  DOOR TRADE POLICY.
• FROM 1935 TO 1939, HITLER REMARMED GERMANY IN
  VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES.
• GERMANY/ITALY CONQUERED ALL THE DEMOCRACIES IN
  EUROPE.
• US POLICY WAS STRICT NEUTRALITY BUT ULTIMATELY
  WOULD BE DRAWN INTO WWII.

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Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931)

• League of Nations condemned the action.
• Japan leaves the League.
• Hoover wanted no part in an American military
  action in the Far East.

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Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine(1932)

• US would not recognize any territorial
  acquisitions that were achieved by force.
• Japan was infuriated because the US hadconquered
  new territories a few decades earlier.
• Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 ? massive
  casualties.

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FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933)

• FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster
  the US against Japan.
• Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US
  economy during the Depression.

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Nye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)

• The Nye Committee Iinvestigated the charge that
  WW I was needless and the US entered so
  munitions owners could make big profits
  merchants of death.
• The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war
  to protect their loans arms manufacturers to
  make money.
• Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by
  sailing in to warring nations waters.
• Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality
  Acts.

Senator Gerald P. Nye R-ND
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FDRs I hate war Speech (1936)
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Ludlow Amendment (1938)

• A proposed amendment to the Constitution that
  called for a national referendum on any
  declaration of war by Congress.
• Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow.
• Never actually passed.

Congressman Louis LudlowD-IN
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Neutral
NEUTRALITY ACTS

• 1935 prohibited arms shipments to all
  belligerent countries.
• 1936 forbid loans to all belligerents
• 1939 prohibited Americans from traveling on
  ships of belligerent nations

• FDR responds to Fascist aggression in Europe by
  protecting democracies and preparing the US for
  war..BUT TRYING TO REMAIN ISOLATED AND NEUTRAL

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Neutral
NEUTRALITY ACTS

• Americans wanted to remain neutral.
• America First Committee
• Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies
• Feb. 21, 1940 If Germany is defeating England
  France, should the U.S. declare war on Germany
  and send our Army and Navy to Europe to fight
  against Hitler? Yes 23 No 77

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Neutral
NEUTRALITY ACTS
December 16, 1940 Do you think it was a mistake
for the U.S. to enter the first World War? Yes
39 No 42 No opinion 19
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atlantic1
FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH

• FIRST, freedom of speech and expression,
  everywhere in the world.
• SECOND, freedom of every person to worship God in
  his own way,everywhere in the world.
• THIRD, freedom from want, which translated into
  world terms, economic and healthy peace time
  life, everywhere in the world.
• FOURTH, freedom from fear, worldwide reduction of
  armaments, everywhere in the world.
• Other things FDR stated
• The world order is to seek cooperation of free
  countries, in a friendly civilized society.
• Freedom means the supremacy of human rights
  everywhere.

• FDRs speech to Congress in Jan. 1941 describing
  the threat of the Axis Powers.
• FDR believed American security was seriously
  threatened and believed the struggle was over
  American democracy.

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LEND LEASE
LEND LEASE

• RENTING, LEASING, GIVING BRITAIN AND LATER SOVIET
  UNION AND CHINA, MILITARY WEAPONS TO ARM THEM
  AGAINST THE GERMANS AND JAPANESE
• FDRs FINAL ATTEMPT TO REMAIN NEUTRAL!
• USA BECOMES THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY

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U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941, US becomes the
arsenal of democracy
Great Britain.........................31
billionSoviet Union...........................11
billionFrance...................................
... 3 billionChina..............................
.........1.5 billionOther European..............
...500 millionSouth America...................4
00 millionThe amount totaled 48,601,365,000
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lend lease
US offered Lend Lease as a last defense to stay
out of war. It was given to Britain during the
Battle of Britain in 1940, the Soviet Union after
Hitlers invasion in 1941 and China. The US
became the arsenal of democracy.
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June 22, 1941, Hitler invades the Soviet Union
Chapter 24, Section 2
1940 Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium,
Netherlands and France 1941 Soviet Union
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atlantic1
ATLANTIC CHARTER

• FDR and Winston Churchill meet on the USS Augusta
  in the North Atlantic to sign the Atlantic
  Charter, August 12, 1941.

• They met together to make known certain common
  principles of their respective countries on which
  they base their hopes for a better futurefor the
  world.

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atlantic1
ATLANTIC CHARTER
FIRST, we seek not conquest of land or
territory.. SECOND, no territorial changes of
land between nations. THIRD, Restoration of
sovereign rights and self-government FOURTH,
Access to raw materials for all FIFTH, World
economic cooperation SIXTH, Freedom from fear
and want SEVENTH, freedom of the seas EIGHTH,
Disarmament of aggressors NINTH, a United Nations
for world peace.
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The Attack Plan (Japanese)

• By attacking our three main bases (???) the
  Japanese hoped to have free reign to take out
  southern Asia.
• Wanted oil, rubber metal.
• They wanted control of East Asia (all the way
  down to Australia).
• They concentrated on attacking the Dutch East
  Indies (Indonesia). This would allow the
  Japanese to attack Australia.
• All that would be left would be small islands
  here and there in the Pacific and the Japanese
  would feel no threat from them.

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map/japan
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WWII Military Leaders
PEARL HARBOR ATTACK

• Captain Mitsuo Fuchida
• Led the attack at Pearl Harbor.
• Tora, Tora, Tora
• Attack, Attack, Attack

• Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
• Commander of the Japanese Navy
• Responsible for the success of the Japanese
  attack of Pearl Harbor.

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Infamy9
DAY OF INFAMY
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DAY OF INFAMY

• In less than 2 hours, the Pacific Fleet lost two
  battleships, six others were heavily battered and
  nearly a dozen lesser vessels put out of action.
• More than 150 planes were wrecked over 2,300
  servicemen were killed and 1,100 wounded.
• Blame was widespread, both on the Officials in
  Washington and on the Admiral and the General in
  Hawaii.

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• After FDRs Day of Infamy speech asking for a
  declaration of war against Japan, Congress
  approved the declaration.
• FDR signed the declaration of war against Japan
  on Dec. 8, 1941