?????? ?????? (mounts, inodes) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Title:

?????? ?????? (mounts, inodes)

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Title: Author: Last modified by: Dot Created Date: 6/12/2001 9:47:32 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ?????? ?????? (mounts, inodes)


1
?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?' ???"?
  • ????? 14
  • ????? ????? ??????,?????? ??????????

2
????? ????? ??????
3
??? ???? ?? ????? ??????
  • ?????(???? ????? ??????)
  • ???
  • ????? ?????? ????????
  • ??? ??????? ?????????
  • ?????? ??????(mounts, inodes)
  • ?????? ???, ?????? ?????, ???? firewall
  • ????? ??????? ???
  • ?????? ????????
  • ?????? ????? ?????, ??? RAID
  • ??????? (???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????)
  • ???
  • ??????
  • ????? ??????
  • ??????
  • ?????
  • ???? ????? ??????
  • ?????? ????
  • ?????? ???????
  • ?????? ????
  • ????? ?????
  • ????? ????? (framebuffer, 3D)

(????? ????? ???)
4
??? ?????? ???? ?????
  • ???? ??????? ?? ?????, ??????? (DRAM) "???" ????
    ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????
  • ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????, ???
    ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????...
  • bootstrapping ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
  • ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????? ??????
    ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????

5
????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  • ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
  • ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ???
    ?????? ?????? ????? (?????? 0xFFFFFFF0 ?-x86)
  • ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????
    (ROM / BIOS / UEFI). ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????,
    ????? ?????? ????? ?? 0xFFFFFFF0.??? ??????
    ??????? ?-BIOS ????
  • ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (????, ??? ???,
    ?????, ????? ???') - POST
  • ?????? ????? ????? ???????????
  • ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???, ????? ?????
    / ???

6
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????(????? x86 ??????)
  • ??? ?????? ????? ?"? ?-BIOS ??? ??? (???? ????)
    ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (Master Boot Record).
  • ?????, ??? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????,
    ???? ????.
  • ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? (partition table)
    ???????? ?-MBR
  • ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.
    ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????
    ?????? ?????
  • ?????? C\NTLDR, C\BOOT.INI
  • ?????? /boot/grub/stage2, /boot/grub/grub.conf
  • ?????? ????? ??????
  • ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????, ???
    ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????
  • ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????

7
????? ??????
  • ????? ???? ????? ??????
  • ????? ??????? ??????????
  • ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????-???? ?? ??
    ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? (real
    mode)
  • ????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????
    ????? (CR3) ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
  • ??? ????? ?-protected mode
  • ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????, ????
    ?????, ????? ????, ??????? ???'
  • ?????? ?????? Gustavo Duarte
  • How Computers Boot Uphttp//duartes.org/gustavo/b
    log/post/how-computers-boot-up
  • The Kernel Boot Processhttp//duartes.org/gustavo
    /blog/post/kernel-boot-process

8
????? ????? ????
  • ?-BIOS ???? ????? ???? ???????
  • ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??
  • ???????? ????? ?-real mode ?? protected mode ???
    ?? ???? ????? ??? BIOS
  • ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?"? ?????? ?????
    ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????
    ??????
  • ?? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ??? ?????, ????? ?????,
    ?? ??? ????? ???????
  • ????????
  • ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????
  • initrd ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
    ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ????
    ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ?????
    ??????.

9
????? ????? ??????
  • ??? ?????? ?????? (??????, ????? ?????) ????
    ?????
  • ??"? ????? ????? ?????? ?"? ?????? ?????
    ??????,?? ????? ????
  • ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???,
    ????? ???? ????? ?????
  • ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????,
    ??????? ?????.

10
????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????)???????)
  • ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? /sbin/init ??????
    ????? ???? 1, ??? ?????? root.
  • ??????? init ????? ???? ????? ???????? /etc
    ??????? ?? ??????, ??????
  • ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????
  • ?????? ??????? /dev
  • ???? ?????? ????? ????? (???? ??????, ????? ???
    ???')
  • ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????????, ????,
    ??? ???')
  • ???? ????, init ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??
    ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
    ???? ?????.

11
?????? ??????????
12
???? ?????? ??????? ??????
  • ??????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
    ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????, ??????
    ????? ???????, ?????? ???, ???? ???? ????? ????.
  • ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
  • ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ??????
    ???????
  • ???? ????? ??? ??????
  • ???? ????? ???????? (httpd.conf, ????? DNS)
  • ????? ?????? ?????
  • ????? ????? ???????
  • ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??
    ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???

13
??? ??????? ?????? ??????
  • ????? ??? ????????
  • ?????? ????????
  • ????? ???? ????? ??????
  • ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????
  • ????? ??? ??????
  • ????? ????
  • ?????, ?????? ?????
  • ?????, ????????? ???
  • ??????? ??????
  • ????? ??????
  • ?????? ???

????? ?????? ???????
???? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ??????
14
?????? ??????????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
????? ????? 2
????? ????? 2
????? ????? 1
?????
??-??? (hypervisor)
?????
15
?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????
  • ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
  • ?????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????
  • ???? ??????? ??????? (virtual hosting)
  • ????? ????? ?????????
  • ??? ??????, ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ???' ??? ??
    ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????
  • ????? ????? ??? ???? Infrastructure as a
    Service??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
    ????????? ???? "?? ??" ????? ?????? ??????, ?????
    ??? ???

16
????? ????????? ???? 1
  • ???-??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????
    ??? ???????. ???? ?? Virtual Machine Manager.
  • ??????? IBM VM/370, Vmware ESX

?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
????? ????? 2
????? ????? 1
??-???
?????
17
????? ????????? ???? 2
  • ???-??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???????
    ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  • ??????? VMware Workstation, VirtualBox, KVM
  • ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????
  • ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????
    ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??DMA ???????
    ????????

?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?"? ????? 2
?"? ????? 1
??-???
?????
?????
?"? ?????
?????
18
???????
  • ???? ?????? ?? ??? 2?????? ?????????? ???
    ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?"?
    ??????? ?????-???-????? ?? ?????? ???????????.
  • ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????
  • ????? ???????
  • ??????? Bochs, QEMU

?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?????
?"? ????? 2
?"? ????? 1
??-???
?????
?????
?"? ?????
?????
19
?????
  • ???????, ????? ????????? ???
  • ?? "???? ????????" ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
  • ?? "????? ?????????" ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
  • Java Virtual Machine, ????? ???, ??? ???? ????
    ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???

20
????????????
  • ?????? ??????????? ????? ???
  • ???? ????-????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????
    ????-????? ???? (?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
    ??????? ????? ???????)
  • ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????
    ????-????? ????
  • ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????,
    ??????
  • ???/???
  • ????? ?????? ????
  • ????? ?????? ???????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
  • ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? (???????
    ???-?????-????)
  • ??? ????? ???, ???? ????? ????? ?"? ????. ??????
    ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????
    ??????.

21
???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????/???
  • ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? write
  • ? ????? ?????
  • ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???-???
  • ???-??? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
    ???????? ?????
  • ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? (??? ????? ??????
    ????? ????? ???) ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????
  • ? ????
  • ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???-???
  • ???-??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????
    ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????
    ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
  • ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
    ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.
  • ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?-"????", ?????? ?????
    ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.

22
??????????? ??????
  • ???????????? ?????? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??????
    ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????
    ?? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????
    ????.
  • ??????, ?-x86 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
    ???? ???? ????-?????.
  • ???????
  • ????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??, ???
    "?????" ?? ??? ???-??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????
    ??????? ?????.
  • ?????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ???? VT-x ?-AMD-V,
    ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????
  • ?? ???? ?????
  • ?????? ?????? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_virtualiz
    ation

23
paravirtualization
  • ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??????
    ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???-??? ????? ?????
    ????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???-???.
  • ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????
  • ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????
    ????
  • ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
  • ????? Xen
  • ??? ?? ????? ?? ????, ???????, ???? ?????. ????
    ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????, ???
    ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???.

24
???????????? ?? ?????? ????????
  • ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????
  • ????
  • ????????-????? ????-?????
  • ????????-?????
  • ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
    ????
  • ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ???-??? ????? ??
    ?????? ?????? "???? ?????" ????? ?????
    ?????????-????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????
    ??????.
  • ????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ???
    ???? ?????.
  • ?????? ?????? Tanenbaum, Modern Operating
    Systems

25
???? ??????? ????????????
  • ?????, ????? ?????? snapshots
  • ????? ?????? ??????????
  • ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????
  • ??????
  • ????? ?????? ?"? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????
    ???????
  • ????? ?? ???? ??????? (?????? ????? ????? ?????)
  • ???? "??????? ??????????" ??? ????? ??? ?????
    ?????
  • ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, ???
    ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??
    ???? ?????? ??????.

26
- ???? ???? -
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