Chapter 6 Elements and the Periodic Table

1
Chapter 6 Elements and the Periodic Table
2
Development of the Periodic Table

• Lavoisier compiled a list of 23 elements in the
  1790s
• In 1864 John Newlands arranged the known elements
  by increasing atomic mass

3
The Periodic Table

• By 1850, approximately 60 elements are known
• Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 publishes the first
  periodic table
• Lists the physical and chemical properties of the
  known elements
• Places elements with similar properties in
  families

4
Mendeleevs Periodic Table
Published in 1871, St. Petersburg, Russia by
Dmitrii I. Mendeleev
5
Why Repeating Patterns?

• The part of the atom another atom sees is the
  electron cloud.
• More importantly the outside orbitals.
• The orbitals fill up in a regular pattern.
• The outside orbital electron configuration
  repeats.
• The properties of atoms repeat.

6

• 1s1
• 1s22s1
• 1s22s22p63s1
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d10 5p66s1
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67
  s1

7
He

• 1s2
• 1s22s22p6
• 1s22s22p63s23p6
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d10 5p66s24f145d106p6

2
Ne
10
Ar
18
Kr
36
Xe
54
Rn
86
8
Henry Moseley

• Upon the discovery of new elements, Mendeleevs
  table was proven incorrect
• In 1913, Moseley discovered that elements contain
  a unique number of protons
• Moseley arranged the elements according to atomic
  number which resulted in a clear periodic pattern
  of properties

9
The Modern Periodic Table

• Periodic law - periodic repetition of chemical
  and physical properties of the elements when
  arranged by increasing atomic number
• groups/families - columns on periodic table
• periods - rows on the periodic table

10
The known elements

• 112 elements are currently known
• 89 are metals
• 11 occur as gases
• 2 occur as liquids
• 31 are radioactive
• 22 are synthetic (all radioactive) video
• Lets take a look at them on the table.

11
The Modern Periodic Table
12
Why do we have thoserows at the bottom?
This arrangement takes too much space and is hard
to read.
13
Periods
H
He
Li
Be
B
Ne
F
O
N
C
Na
Mg
Al
Ar
Cl
S
P
Si
K
Ca
Sc
Zn
Cu
Ti
Ni
Co
Fe
Mn
Cr
V
Ga
Kr
Br
Se
As
Ge
Rb
Sr
Y
Cd
Ag
Zr
Pd
Rh
Ru
Tc
Mo
Nb
In
Xe
I
Te
Sb
Sn
Gd
Tb
Sm
Eu
Nd
Pm
Ce
Pr
Yb
Lu
Er
Tm
Dy
Ho
Cs
La
Ba
Tl
Hg
Au
Hf
Pt
Ir
Os
Re
W
Ta
Rn
At
Po
Bi
Pb
Cm
Bk
Pu
Am
U
Np
Th
Pa
No
Lr
Fm
Md
Cf
Es
Fr
Ac
Ra
There are 7 periods represented on the Periodic
Table
14
Main-group elements are also called
Representative elements.
15
Elemental states atroom temperature
Solid
Liquid
Gas
He
H
Ne
F
O
N
C
Li
Be
B
Ar
Cl
S
P
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Kr
Br
Se
K
Ca
Zn
Cu
Ti
Sc
Ni
Co
Fe
Mn
Cr
V
Ga
Ge
As
Xe
I
Rb
Sr
Cd
Ag
Zr
Y
Pd
Rh
Ru
Tc
Mo
Nb
In
Sb
Sn
Te

Rn
Cs
Tl
Hg
Au
Hf
Lu
Ba
Pt
Ir
Os
Re
W
Ta
Po
Bi
Pb
At

Fr
Lr
Ra

Gd
Tb
Sm
Eu
Nd
Pm
Ce
Pr
Yb
La
Er
Tm
Dy
Ho
Cm
Bk
Pu
Am
U
Np
Th
Pa
No
Ac
Fm
Md
Cf
Es

16
Three Main Classifications for the Elements

• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids (Semimetals)

17
Metals, Metalloids or (Semimetals) Nonmetals
He
H
Ne
F
O
N
C
Li
Be
B
Ar
Cl
S
P
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Kr
Br
Se
K
Ca
Zn
Cu
Ti
Sc
Ni
Co
Fe
Mn
Cr
V
Ga
Ge
As
Xe
Rb
Sr
Cd
Ag
Zr
Y
Pd
Rh
Ru
Tc
Mo
Nb
In
Sb
Sn
Te
I

Rn
Cs
Tl
Hg
Au
Hf
Lu
Ba
Pt
Ir
Os
Re
W
Ta
Po
Bi
Pb
At

Fr
Lr
Ra

Gd
Tb
Sm
Eu
Nd
Pm
Ce
Pr
Yb
La
Er
Tm
Dy
Ho
Cm
Bk
Pu
Am
U
Np
Th
Pa
No
Ac
Fm
Md
Cf
Es

18
Metals

• Shiny when smooth and clean
• solid at room temp.
• except for Hg
• Good conductor of heat

• Good conductor of electricity
• ductile
• malleable

19
Nonmetals

• Generally gases at room temperature
• Brittle, dull looking solid
• except Bromine Br is a liquid
• poor conductors of heat and electricity

20
Metalloids

• Have characteristics of metals and nonmetals
• Silicon and Germanium are the two most important
  (Computers Silicon Valley)
• Video

21
A group or family
Groups are assigned Roman numerals with an A or B
I A II A III A IV A V A
VI A VIIA VIIIA
He
H
Ne
F
O
N
C
Li
Be
B
Ar
Cl
S
P
Na
Mg
Al
Si
III B IVB V B VIB VIIB VIII
IB IIB
Kr
Br
Se
K
Ca
Zn
Cu
Ti
Sc
Ni
Co
Fe
Mn
Cr
V
Ga
Ge
As
Xe
I
Rb
Sr
Cd
Ag
Zr
Y
Pd
Rh
Ru
Tc
Mo
Nb
In
Sb
Sn
Te
Rn
Cs
Tl
Hg
Au
Hf
Lu
Ba
Pt
Ir
Os
Re
W
Ta
Po
Bi
Pb
At
Fr
Lr
Ra
Gd
Tb
Sm
Eu
Nd
Pm
Ce
Pr
Yb
La
Er
Tm
Dy
Ho
Cm
Bk
Pu
Am
U
Np
Th
Pa
No
Ac
Fm
Md
Cf
Es
22
Hydrogen

• One valence electron
• Is its own group
• Has properties of metals and nonmetals

23
Common group names
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Halogens
Noble gases
I A II A III A IV A V A
VI A VIIA VIIIA
H
He
Li
Be
B
Ne
F
O
N
C
Na
Mg
Al
Ar
Cl
S
P
Si
III B IVB V B VIB VIIB VIII B
IB IIB
K
Ca
Zn
Cu
Ti
Sc
Ni
Co
Fe
Mn
Cr
V
Ga
Kr
Br
Se
As
Ge
Rb
Sr
Cd
Ag
Zr
Y
Pd
Rh
Ru
Tc
Mo
Nb
In
Xe
I
Te
Sb
Sn
Cs
Tl
Hg
Au
Hf
Lu
Ba
Pt
Ir
Os
Re
W
Ta
Rn
At
Po
Bi
Pb
Fr
Lr
Ra
Cm
Bk
Pu
Am
U
Np
Th
Pa
No
Ac
Fm
Md
Cf
Es
24
Group 1/IA Alkali Metals

• One valence electron
• highly reactive
• Form 1 ions
• Video

25
Group 2/IIA Alkaline Earth Metals

• 2 valence electrons
• harder than alkali metals
• less reactive than alkali metals
• Forms a 2 ion

26
Group 13/IIIA Boron

• 3 valence electrons
• Always found combined with other elements in
  nature
• Most form a 3 ion video

27
Group 14/IVA Carbon Group

• 4 valence electrons
• A wide variety of characteristics
• Allotropes - forms of an element in the same
  physical state that have different structures and
  properties (graphite and diamond)

28
Group 15/VA The Nitrogen Group

• 5 valence electrons
• gain three electrons to form a 3- ion

29
Group 16/VI The Oxygen Group

• 6 valence electrons
• Act as nonmetals
• Gain 2 electrons to form 2- ion

30
Group 17/VIIA Halogens

• 7 valence electrons
• salt formers
• Gain 1 electron to form a 1- ion
• Most reactive nonmetals

31
Group 18/VIIIA Noble Gases

• 8 valence electrons
• colorless and un-reactive
• Most stable elements

32
Transition Metals, d-block

• Groups 3-12, d-block members
• electrical conductivity, luster, and malleability
• Video1, Video 2

33
Inner Transition Metals, f-block

• lanthanide - f-block elements in period 6
• actinide - f-block elements in period 7

34
Metal Locations Around the World
35
The Elements in the Human Body

• Carbon 23
• Hydrogen 10
• Oxygen 61
• Nitrogen 2.6
• Calcium 1.4
• Phosphorus
• Sulfur
• Potassium
• Sodium trace
• Chlorine trace
• Iron trace

36
The Elements in the Human Body Dry WeightVoet
Biochemistry Percent dry weight

• Carbon 62
• Hydrogen 9.3
• Oxygen 11
• Nitrogen 5.7
• Phosphorus 3.3
• Sulfur 1.0

• Calcium 5.0
• Potassium 1.3
• Sodium trace
• Chlorine trace
• Iron trace