The Origin of Humans

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The Origin of Humans
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And things are still changing! The speed of
change has sped up.
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The First Humans
Theories on prehistory and early man constantly
change as new evidence comes to light.
- Louis Leakey, British
paleoanthropologist
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Early Discoveries
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Stages of Early Human Development
1. 4,000,000 BCE 1,000,000 BCE
Paleolithic Age( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE
to 8,000 BCE
2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE
3. 250,000 BCE 30,000 BCE
4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE
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The Paleolithic Age

• Paleolithic --gt Old Stone Age

• 2,500,000 BCE 10,000 BCE

• Made tools

• hunting (men) gathering (women) ?
  small bands of 20-30 humans

• NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

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Stage 1
4,000,000 BCE 1,000,000 BCE

• Hominids --gt any member of the family of
  two-legged primates that includes all humans.

• Australopithecines

• An opposable Thumb

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Stage 1

• HOMO HABILIS ( Man of Skills )

• found in East Africa.

• created primitive stone tools.

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The Paleolithic Age

• Humans during this period found shelter in caves.

• Cave paintings left behind.

Purpose??
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Stage 2
1,6000,000 BCE 30,000 BCE

• HOMO ERECTUS ( Upright Human Being )

• BIPEDALISM

• Larger and more varied tools --gt primitive
  technology

• First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for
  Europe and Asia.

• First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

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Differing Human Migration Theories
Are we all Africans under the skin????
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Stage 3
200,000 BCE 10,000 BCE
HOMO SAPIENS ( Wise Human Being )
Neanderthals( 200,000 BCE 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons( 40,000 BCE 10,000 BCE )
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Stage 3
NEANDERTHALS

• Neander Valley, Germany (1856)

• First humans to bury their dead.

• Made clothes from animal skins.

• Lived in caves and tents.

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Stage 3
NEANDERTHALS
Early Hut/Tent
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Stage 3
CRO-MAGNONs

• Homo sapiens sapiens ( Wise, wise human )

• By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.

WHY???
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Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe
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The Last Ice Age
70,000 BCE 10,000 BCE
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The Neolithic Age

• Neolithic ? New Stone Age

• 10,000 BCE 4,000 BCE

• Gradual shift from

Nomadic lifestyle ? settled, stationery lifestyle.
Hunting/Gathering ? agricultural production and
domestication of animals.
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The Agricultural Revolution

• 8,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

• Agriculture developed independently in
  different parts of the world.

• SLASH-AND-BURN Farming

Middle East India Central America
China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000
BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE
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Early Settled Communities

• Growing crops on a regular basis made possible
  the support of larger populations.

• More permanent, settled communities emerged.

• 9,000 BCE ? Earliest Agricultural Settlement at
  JARMO ( northern Iraq ) ? wheat

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Early Settled Communities

• 8,000 BCE ? Largest Early Settlement at Çatal
  Hüyük ( Modern Turkey ) ? 6,000 inhabitants

• 12 cultivated crops

• Division of labor

• Engaged in trade

• Organized religion

An obsidian dagger

• Small military

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Early Settled Communities
Çatal Hüyük
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The Agricultural Revolution
What role did the food supply play in shaping the
nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled
life of the farmers?
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  Without Agriculture With Agriculture
Food Supply Gathered not grown Planted, tended, harvested, stored
Shelter Open ground, caves, crude tents Mud bricks, quarried stones, villages located near fields and stable food supplies
Social Structure Based on family (clans) Many clans near each other, gender separation, governments created to organize societal activities, religion created to explain the world around them
Art and Innovation Basic cave art, primitive weapons and tools Carvings, statues, plows pulle3d by animals, building techniques, weaving, architecture for specific or common use (temples)
Specialization Subsistence lifestyle dictated that the number one priority for ALL was to find food Tool makers, potters, stone cutters, weavers, metallurgy, regional trade
Language Verbal and physical communication Pictographs (Hieroglyphics), kept records of storage and trade
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Why is the "Neolithic Revolution" a turning
point in human history??
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What is the next step in the development
of human settlements??
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CITIES !
CIVILIZATIONS !!
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CIVILIZATION a relatively high level of cultural
and technological development specifically the
stage of cultural development at which writing
and the keeping of written records is attained
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What are the characteristics of a civilization??
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Advanced Cities
Advanced Technology
CIVILIZATION
Specialized Workers
Record- Keeping
Complex Institutions
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Advanced Cities

• Features
• Organized
• Common Use Buildings (Food Storage)
• Specific Use Building (Temples)

Ziggurat at Ur
Artistic Recreation of the City of Lagash
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Specialized Workers

• Features
• Division of Labor or specialization of jobs-The
• breakdown of work into its tasks or parts
• and assigning those parts to people or groups.
• Complex technical skills-Sometimes means
  inventions
• and sometimes architecture-an appreciation of
• Or development of something that is more
• than basic.

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Complex Institutions

• Features
• Social Classes or hierarchy-can be determined by
• wealth, power, ethnicity, job status, etc.
• Religion or belief system-usually shared by
• most people but can have some variations

Anubis Weighing the heart of the deceased
A Temple at Luxor
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Record Keeping

• Features
• Some form of written language becomes
• necessary
• Why? Larger populations mean more food is
  needed and more structured planning is necessary.

The Rosetta Stone
Phoenician Alphabet
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Advanced Technology

• Features
• The practical application of knowledge especially
  in a particular area.
• a manner of accomplishing a task especially using
  technical processes, methods, or knowledge.

Constructing the Pyramids
Egyptian Pump (Model)