hello world

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Security
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SECURITY

• Fundamental Requirements
• Privacy
• Integrity
• Authentication
• Non-repudiation
• Availability

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SECURITY

• Privacy issue
• How do you ensure that that the information you
  transmit over the Internet has not been captured
  or passed on to a third party without your
  knowledge.
• Integrity Issue
• How do you ensure the information you send or
  receive has not been compromised or altered

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SECURITY

• Authentication issue
• How do sender and receiver of a message prove
  their identities to each other
• Non-Repudiation Issue
• How do you legally prove that a message was sent
  or received
• Availability Issue
• How do we ensure that the network and the
  computer system it connects will stay in
  operation continuously

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Cryptography

• Cryptography transforms data using a key (a
  string of digits that acts as a password) to make
  the data incomprehensible to all but the sender
  and the intended receiver
• Plaintext unencrypted data
• Ciphertext encrypted data
• Cipher/Cryptosystem technique/algorithm for
  encrypting messages
• Simple examples of cryptosystem
• Substitution
• Transposition

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Secret key (Symmetric) Cryptography

• uses same (symmetric) keys to encrypt/decrypt a
  message
• fundamental problem before two people can
  communicate, they must first find a way to
  exchange the symmetric key securely
• Point-to-point key exchange
• Centralized Key distribution center generates a
  session key
• DES algorithms developed by NSA and IBM in the
  1950s

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Public Key (Asymmetric) Cryptography

• developed by Diffie Hellman (Stanford Univ)
  1976
• Two inversely related keys are used
• Public key freely distributed
• Private key kept secret by its owner
• Either the public key or the private key can be
  used to encrypt or decrypt a message
• If the public key is used to encrypt a message,
  only the corresponding private key can decrypt it
• Vice versa if the private key is used to encrypt
  a message, only the corresponding public key can
  decrypt it (this can be used to authenticate the
  sender of the message)

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Public Key (Asymmetric) Cryptography

• The defining property of a secure public key is
  that it is computationally infeasible to deduce
  the private key from the public key
• Public key algorithms require large amounts of
  computer power
• Symmetric systems are faster
• RSA most commonly used public key algorithm
  (developed by Rivest, Shamir, Adleman, MIT
  Professors, in 1977)

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Key Agreement Protocols

• Public key algorithms can be used to allow two
  parties to agree upon a key to be used as secret
  key to be used for symmetric key encryption over
  insecure medium
• Digital Envelope
• message is encrypted using a symmetric key
• Symmetric key is encrypted using public key
• Attach encrypted symmetric key to encrypted
  message and send the entire package
• To decrypt receiver first decrypts the symmetric
  key using the receivers private key. Then the
  symmetric key is used to decrypt actual message

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SECURITY-Hash Function

• Also known as message digest
• Mathematical function that gives message a hash
  value
• The chance that two different messages will have
  the same message digest is statistically
  insignificant
• Collision occurs when multiple messages have the
  same hash value
• It is computationally infeasible to compute a
  message from its hash value or to find two
  messages with the same hash value
• Example MD5

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SECURITY- Digital signatures

• Solve problems of integrity and authentication
• Like a written signature, authenticates senders
  identity
• To create a digital signature
• Run original plaintext message through hash
  (message digest)
• Encrypt message digest using senders private key
  (creates a digital signature and authenticates
  the sender)
• Encrypt original message with receivers public
  key
• Send (encrypted messagedigital signaturehash
  function) to the receiver

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SECURITY Digital Signatures

• Receiver
• Receives the package
• Uses senders public key to decipher the digital
  signature and reveal the message digest
• Uses receivers own private key to decipher the
  original message
• Applies the hash function to the original message
• Compare the deciphered message digest to the
  result of hash function

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SECURITY Digital Signatures

• Digital signatures do not provide the proof that
  a message has been sent
• A time-stamping agency (third party) can help to
  solve the non-repudiation problem by digitally
  signing the time-stamp
• US government recently passed digital-signature
  legislation that makes digital signatures as
  legally binding as hand-written signatures

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Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

• How does a customer know that the web site it is
  accessing belongs to a trustworthy merchant and
  not to a third party site that is acting as
  merchant to steal credit-card information
• PKI integrates public-key cryptography with
  digital certificates and certification
  authorities (CA) to authenticate parties in a
  transaction
• Digital Certificate is a digital document issued
  by a CA and includes
• name of the subject (being certified)
• Subjects public key
• Expiration date
• plus other relevant information
• CA is a financial institution or other trusted
  third party such as VeriSign or Thawte

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CA

• CA takes the responsibility for authentication,
  it checks the validity of information before
  issuing a digital certificate
• Digital certificates are publicly available in
  CA certificate repositories
• CA signes the certificate by encrypting either
  the public key or a hash value of the public key
  using the CAs own private key
• CA has to verify every individuals public key.
  Thus users must trust the public key of a CA.
• A certificate authority is a chain of
  certificates starting with the root certification
  authority IPRA (Internet Policy Registration
  Authority)
• Root only signs certificates for policy creation
  authorities (organizations that set policies for
  obtaining digital certificates)
• Policy creation authorities sign digital
  certificates for Cas
• CA s sign digital certificates for individuals,
  organizations

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SECURE SOCKETS LAYER (SSL)

• SSL protocol developed by Netscape
• Built into web browsers and numerous other
  products
• When you use the Internet, the connection between
  you and any other point can be routed through
  dozens of independent systems (unauthorized
  people can steal confidential information, credit
  card numbers etc by eavesdropping)
• SSL protocol was developed to transfer
  information privately and securely across the
  Internet
• SSL is the de facto standard for encrypted and
  authenticated communications between clients and
  servers on the Internet
• Virtually all online purchases and monetary
  tansactions on the Internet are secured by SSL
• URL starts with https

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SSL

• SSL usage is not just limited to securing
  e-commerce transactions other SSL usage
  examples
• financial institutions, insurance companies, B2B,
  private organizations
• SSL ensures that connection is private and
  secure by providing authentication and encryption
• Authentication confirms the server and
  optionally the client are who they say they are
• Encryption creates a secure tunnel between the
  client and the server which prevents any
  unauthorized system from reading the data
• SSL-enabled clients Netscape, MS Internet
  Explorer, Firefox, Chrome etc.
• SSL-enabled servers Apache, MS IIS, etc.
• Clients and Servers confirm each others
  identities using digital certificates which are
  issued by CA.

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SSL

• SSL is comprised of two protocols
• Handshake Protocol (key exchange)
• Record Protocol (bulk data transfer)

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SSL- Handshake Protocol

• Authenticates the server to the client
  (optionally the client to the server) using
  public-key encryption (asymmetric) techniques
• Allows client and server to negotiate the cipher
  suite to be used
• Allows the client and the server to generate
  symmetric session keys
• Establishes the encrypted session
• Once key exchange is complete, client and server
  use symmetric session keys to encrypt all
  communication between them (SSL Record Protocol)
• Symmetric encryption algorithm such as DES or RC4
  is used.

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SSL Negotiation Steps

1. Initially request for SSL session comes from the
   browser to the web server
2. Web server sends the browser its digital
   certificate (contains info about the server and
   servers public key)
3. Browser verifies that certificate is valid and
   that a CA listed in the clients list of trusted
   CAs issued it. Browser also checks expiration
   date and web server domain name
4. Once browser has determined that the server
   certificate is valid, browser generates a 48-byte
   master secret. This master secret is encrypted
   using servers public key and is then sent to the
   Web server
5. Web server receives the encrypted master secret
   from the browser and decrypts it using the
   servers private key
6. Both web server and the browser have the same
   secret key
7. Communicate securely by encrypting data using
   symmetric technique

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SSL Negotiation Steps
SSL Negotiation Steps
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• SSL sits on top of TCP at the transport layer
• SSL operates independently and transparently of
  other protocols so it will work with any
  application layer and transport layer protocol
• This allows clients servers to establish secure
  SSL connections w/o requiring knowledge of other
  partys code

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SECURITY ATTACKS

• Denial-of-service attack occurs when a networks
  resources are taken up by unauthorized
  individual, leaving the network unavailable for
  legitimate users
• Another type of attack modifies routing tables
  of a network, thus disabling network ability or
  funneling all data to one address in the network
• Distributed denial service attacks ( attack does
  not come from one single source, but rather from
  multiple sources

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Denial of Service Attack

• A "denial-of-service" attack is characterized by
  an explicit attempt by attackers to prevent
  legitimate users of a service from using that
  service. Examples include
• - attempts to "flood" a network, thereby
  preventing legitimate network traffic
• - attempts to disrupt connections between two
  machines, thereby preventing access to a service
• - attempts to prevent a particular individual
  from accessing a service
• - attempts to disrupt service to a specific
  system or person
• Illegitimate use of resources may also result in
  denial of service. For example, an intruder may
  use your anonymous ftp area as a place to store
  illegal copies of commercial software, consuming
  disk space and generating network traffic

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Modes of Attack

• Consumption of scarce, limited, or non-renewable
  resources
• - Network connectivity,
• - Using Your Own Resources Against You
• - Bandwidth Consumption
• - Consumption of Other Resources
• Destruction or alteration of configuration
  information
• Physical destruction or alteration of network
  components

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Further Reading
http//www.cert.org/tech_tips/denial_of_service.ht
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