?????? Lecture Two:An Overview (cont

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??????Lecture TwoAn Overview (contd)
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Teaching Objective

• By getting students familiar with the theories
  and background knowledge and the basic skills of
  interpreting , this course aims to facilitate the
  students with interpreting procedure and basic
  skills and strategies ,such as memory
  training?note-taking?oral presentation and public
  speaking skills etc., to arise students
  awareness of current affairs and background
  knowledge, to cultivate their ability of
  discourse analysis , logical thinking
  ,cross-cultural communication and interpretation
  both from English to Chinese and vise versa .

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Interpretation An Overview

• ????definition
• ?????????????,????(????)???????????????????????,?
  ??????????????????,???????????????????????????????
  ?( ??P5)
• ??????????????????????(Shuttleworth Cowie,
  199782)

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• It is defined as "oral translation of a written
  text" (Shuttleworth Cowie 199783).
• Interpreting is a service activity with a
  communication function. (Gile) It is usually a
  face-to-face communicative act.

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• Differences between interpretation and
  translation
• the difference in the medium
• the difference in the time limit
• The key skill of a very good translator is the
  ability to write well,professional translators
  almost always work in only one direction,
  translating only into their native language
  ,using a good library of dictionaries and
  reference materials,
• An interpreter, on the other hand, has to be able
  to translate in both directions, without the use
  of any dictionaries on the spot.

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Types of interpreting

• By forms
• ???? ( alternating interpretation )
• ???? ( consecutive interpretation )
• ???? ( simultaneous interpretation )
• ???? ( whispering interpretation )
• ???? ( sight interpretation )

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• By ways
• ???? ( one-way interpretation )
• ???? ( two-way interpretation )

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• By contents
• ???? ( guide interpretation )
• ???? (ceremony interpretation )
• ???? ( information interpretation )
• ???? ( conference interpretation )
• ???? ( negotiation interpretation )

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???????

• ????
• Q Dear Michael, who taught you how to
• play golf and do you still use a coach?
• A A lot of people helped teach memostly
• my buddies at the UNC while I was in
• school.I occasionally use a PRO to advise
• me on improving --but no one regular.
• I've come to realize that I'm just a
• "hack"--so now I am enjoying just
• playing without a lot of coaching.

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• ???????,????????,?????????
• ?????????????????????????.????????????,????.????
  ??????????????.??????????,????.

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• ?????
• Q Women in the United States generally live
• longer than men. But in recent years that
  gap
• has been narrowing a bit. How has that
• affected the life insurance business?
• A It is not narrowing that much, thank goodness
• We are still outliving men, we are still.
  We
• have quite a gap on them, still about 7-8
  
• years. The only reason its narrowing is
  women are
• doing things to themselves that they
  shouldnt be
• doing , like smoking ,and all those bad
  habits that men
• have had for many years. But it is not
  narrowing for
• other reasons.

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• ????,????????????,??????????.?????????????
• ?????,?????????.??????????.?????????????,????????
  ??????????????????????????,???????????????????????
  ?????????

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• ????
• I wish to thank you,Mr. Premier, for accepting my
  invitation to share your evening with my
  colleagues and me, and for honoring Canada with
  your presence. These have been very pleasant days
  in Peking, and Im happy that this phase of my
  visit should conclude in such a congenial
  atmosphere.

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• ????,?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???,??????????,?????????????????????????

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?????

• 1.???TL?????????
• 2.??????,????????????????????,???????,????????
  ???????
• 3. ????????????????????????

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??????

• ???MOE NAETI
• ???MOP CATTI
• ???(???)?? DOLLAR-VALUE
• Listening Listening and Translation
  Reading
• ??BFSU
• ??GFSU
• ??(SHISU)??????GITI
• ??????ITS

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• ????????
• Code of Conduct for Public Service
• Interpreters in Britain
• 1.  INTRODUCTION
• Public Service Interpreters are expected to
  abide by the Code of Conduct to which they are
  signatories. The standards in the Code set a
  framework for interpreting in the public
  services, upheld if necessary by professional and
  impartial disciplinary procedures. The objective
  of the code of Conduct is to make sure that
  communication across language and culture is
  carried out consistently, competently and
  impartially, and that all those involved in the
  process are clear about what may be expected from
  it.
• This Code of Conduct is registered with the
  Office of Fair Trading (Registration No. RMS/215
  1)

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• 2. COMPETENCE
• Interpreters admitted to the register are
  expected to
• 2.1  have a written and spoken command of both
  languages, including any specialist terminology,
  current idioms and dialects
• 2.2 understand the relevant procedures of the
  particular discipline in which they are working
• 2.3 maintain and develop their written and
  spoken command of English and the other language
• 2.4 be familiar with the cultural backgrounds
  of both parties.

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• 3.  PROCEDURE
• Interpreters will
• 3.1 interpret truly and faithfully what is
  said, without anything being added, omitted or
  changed in exceptional circumstances a summary
  may be given if requested, and consented to by
  both parties
• 3.2 disclose any difficulties encountered with
  dialects or technical terms, and if these cannot
  be satisfactorily remedied, withdraw from the
  assignment
• 3.3 not enter into the discussion, give advice
  or express opinions or reactions to any of the
  parties

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• 3.4   intervene only
• 3.4.1        to ask for clarification
• 3.4.2  to point out that a party may not
  have understood something
• 3.4.3 to alert the parties to a possible
  missed cultural inference
• 3.4.4to ask for accommodation for the
  interpreting process
• 3.5 not delegate work, nor accept delegated
  work, without the consent of the client
• 3.6  be reliable and punctual at all times
• 3.7 must state (in a criminal trial) if they
  have been involved in interpreting at the police
  station on the same case.

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• 4.  ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES
• Interpreters will
• 4.1  respect confidentially at all times and
  not seek to take advantage of any information
  disclosed during their work
• 4.2   act in an impartial and professional
  manner
• 4.3 not discriminate against parties, either
  directly or indirectly, on the grounds of race,
  color, ethnic origin, age, nationality, religion,
  gender or disability

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• 4.4  disclose any information, including any
  criminal record, which may make them unsuitable
  in any particular case
• 4.5 disclose immediately if the interviewee or
  immediate family is known or related
• 4.6 disclose any business, financial, family
  or other interest which they might have in the
  matter being handled
• 4.7 not accept any form of reward, whether in
  cash or otherwise, for interpreting work other
  than payment by the employer.

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Qualifications of a good interpreter

• A good interpreter is required to have a high
  level of linguistic competence, wide general
  knowledge, sufficient subject-specific knowledge,
  and necessary cross-cultural awareness as well as
  a good mastery of interpreting skills, such as
  note-taking techniques, the ability to abstract
  and paraphrase, the art of public speaking and a
  good memory.

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• Knowledge of the general subject of the speeches
  that are to be interpreted.
• General erudition and intimate familiarity with
  both cultures.
• Extensive vocabulary in both languages.
• Ability to express thoughts clearly and concisely
  in both languages.
• A good mastering of interpreting skills
• A good memory.

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• A strong sense of responsibility
• A solid foundation of two languages
• Profound knowledge
• Good memory
• Quick thinking
• Outstanding ability of understanding
• Fluent expression of ideas

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Interpreters knowledge structure

• KIKLEKS(PAP)
• ????????? ???????? ??(?????? ?????? )
• KIKnowledge Required for an Interpreter
• KLKnowledge for language
• EKEncyclopedic Knowledge
• S(PAP) Professional Interpreting Skills and
  Artistic Presentation Skills

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• Linguistic Theories of Interpretation
• ???. ??????(Danica Seleskovitch)???20??60????
  ????????,?????????,??????????????????????????,???
  ????????????????????????,??????????????????????(?
  ??,200439)???????????????,?????????,?????????????
  ???????????The approach also focuses on the
  mental and cognitive processes involved in
  interpreting, which is seen as comprising the
  three stages of interpretation(??),
  de-verbalization(??????) and reformulation(????)(
  Seleskovitch,1977)?

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• ????????????????.???Marianna Lederer??,??????,?
  ??????????,???????????????,??????????????,???????
  ??????,?????????????????????

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linguistic theories of interpretation

• Daniel Gile
• C KL(knowledge for language)ELK
  (extra-linguistic knowledge)A(analysis)

??
??(????)
??
TL
SL
????

• ????????????? ??????????

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• ???(J.R. ANDERSON)
• (??)????????SL??,????
• (??)???????SL?????TL??,????
• (??)???????TL?????????,????

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• ????????????,????????????????????

A(DCC)
I
SP
R(TLK)
C(SLK)
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• I Interpreting
• A (DCC) Analysis in discourse Cross-cultural
  communication,??????????????
• C (SLK) Comprehension in source language
  knowledge,????????????
• R(TLK) Reconstruction in target language
  knowledge,?????????????,???????
• SP Skills Professional standard,?????????????
  ?