The Reproductive Systems

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The Reproductive Systems

• The system of organs involved in producing
  offspring

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Male Reproductive System
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Functions of the Male Reproductive System

• Production and storage of sperm
• Sperm the male reproductive cells
• Transfer of sperm to females body during sexual
  intercourse
• Production of testosterone
• Initiates physical changes that signal maturity
• Controls the production of sperm

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Sperm

• Contain genetic information
• Responsible for fertilizing the egg
• Only one sperm out of 300 to 400 million
  fertilize the egg
• Sperm swim at a rate of 1 to 4 mm per minute
• How many millimeters would the sperm move in an
  hour?
• 60 to 240 mm

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External Male Reproductive Organs

• Testes (testicles)
• Two small glands that produce sperm and make
  testosterone
• Size of a robins egg
• Produce several hundred million sperm each day
• Scrotum
• An external skin sac
• House the testes
• Small muscles in the scrotum move the testes
  closer or farther from the body help regulate
  temperature of sperm keep the temperature
  slightly below normal body temperature
• Tight clothing can interfere with sperm production

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External Male Reproductive Organs

• Penis
• A tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk
  of the body just above the testes
• Made of spongy tissue that contains many blood
  vessels
• Foreskin
• A covering of thin loose skin over the tip of the
  penis
• Circumcision removal of the foreskin
• Urethra
• The passageway though which both semen and urine
  leave the body

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External Male Reproductive Organs

• Penis
• Stimulation causes increased blood flow which
  leads to erection
• Ejaculation occurs when sperm and semen are
  released from the penis after sexual excitement
• Nocturnal emissions ejaculations that occur
  when sperm is released during sleep
• Normal functions releases the build up pressure
  as sperm begin to be produced at puberty
• Fertilization the joining of a male sperm cell
  and a female egg cell
• Can result if ejaculation occurs during
  intercourse

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Internal Male Reproductive Organs

• Epididymis
• Located at outer surface of each testes
• Tightly coiled tube where sperm mature and are
  stored
• Vas Deferens
• Connects epididymis to urethra
• a long tube where sperm mix with fluids made by
  three accessory reproductive organs

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Internal Male Reproductive Organs

• Seminal Vesicle
• Produce thick secretions that nourish the sperm
  and help sperm move easier
• Prostate Gland
• Encircles the urethra
• Approximately the size of an almond
• Secretes a thin, milky fluid that protects the
  sperm from acid in the female reproductive system
• Cowpers Glands
• Secretes a clear fluid that protects the sperm
  from acid in the male urethra

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The Path of Sperm

• Made in the Testes
• Move to the Epididymis to be stored and mature
• Travel through the Vas Deferens where it mixes
  with semen
• Semen is made in Seminal Vesicle, Prostate Gland,
  and Cowpers Gland
• Through the Urethra
• Exits the tip of the Penis

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Care of the Male Reproductive System

• Get regular checkups
• Every 12-18 months
• Bathe regularly
• Wear protective equipment
• Perform regular self-examinations
• monthly
• Practice abstinence

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Problems of the Male Reproductive System

• Inguinal Hernia
• Separation of tissue that allows part of the
  intestine to push into the abdominal wall near
  the top of the scrotum
• Caused by straining abdominal muscles or lifting
  heavy objects
• Symptoms lump in the groin, pain in the groin,
  partial or complete blockage of the intestine
• Surgery is usually needed to repair the opening

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Problems of the Male Reproductive System

• Sterility
• The inability to reproduce
• Results from
• Too little sperm (less than 20 million per
  milliliter of seminal fluid)
• Poor quality of sperm
• Causes
• Environmental hazards
• Hormonal imbalance
• Steroids
• Disease
• Drugs

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Problems of the Male Reproductive System

• Testicular Cancer
• Occurs most often in males between the ages of
  14-40
• Factors that increase your risk
• Undescended testicle, abnormal testicular
  development, family history of testicular cancer
• Monthly self-exam
• Seek health care if you notice any warning signs
• Unusual lump, swelling, discomfort in a testicle
  or the scrotum

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Problems of the Male Reproductive Organs

• Problems of the Prostate
• Enlarged prostate
• Presses against the urethra and causes frequent
  urination
• Prostate cancer
• Screening is usually performed during regular
  medical checkups for men over 50

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Female Reproductive System
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Functions of the Female Reproductive System

• Produces female sex hormones
• Stores ova
• Ova (eggs) female reproductive cells
• Uterus nourishes and protects the fertilized ovum
  from conception until birth

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Female Reproductive Organs

• Ovaries
• The female sex glands that store the ova and
  produce female sex hormones
• Size of a robins egg
• At birth contains all eggs (more than 400,000)
• Ovum .135 mm (size of a very sharp pencil)
• One ovum matures each month beginning at puberty
• Ovulation
• The process of releasing a mature ovum into the
  fallopian tube each month
• Signaled by hormones

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Female Reproductive Organs

• Fallopian tubes
• A pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that
  draw in the ovum
• About 4 inches long and has a diameter of
  approximately two strands of hair.
• Cilia (tiny hair-like structures) work along with
  muscular contractions to move the ovum through
  the tubes
• This is where fertilization occurs!!!

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Female Reproductive Organs

• Uterus
• A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ inside a
  females body
• Provides a place to support a developing human
• Muscular cavity the size of a fist
• Estrogen causes lining to thicken
• Cervix where the uterus meets the vagina at its
  lower end

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Female Reproductive Organs

• Vagina
• Birth Canal
• Connects the outside of the body to the uterus
  and receives sperm during reproduction
• Muscular elastic tube
• Normally 3-5 inches long
• Urethra above and separate from the Vagina
• carries urine from the bladder to the outside of
  the body

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Fertilization

• An ovum is released from an ovary
• Ovum travels through the fallopian tube
• Sperm cell unites with egg here
• Fertilized egg zygote
• Zygote leaves the fallopian tubes and attaches
  itself to the uterine wall
• Developing fetus will stay in uterus until birth

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Menstrual Cycle

• Days 1-13
• A new egg is maturing inside the ovary
• Day 14
• The mature egg is released into one of the
  fallopian tubes
• Day 15-20
• The egg travels through the fallopian tube to the
  uterus
• Days 21-28
• After seven days, if the egg is not fertilized,
  menstruation begins

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Menstruation

• Every month the uterus prepares for possible
  pregnancy
• Endometrium tissue that lines the uterus
  thickens
• If no fertilization occurs endometrium breaks
  down in to blood, tissue, and fluids
• Menstruation the shedding of the uterine lining
• Lasts on average 5 to 7 days
• Endocrine hormones control the cycle
• Can be affected by poor nutrition, stress and
  illness

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Care of the Female Reproductive System

• Bathe regularly
• Practice abstinence
• Breast Self-Exam

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Problems of the Female Reproductive System

• Menstrual cramps
• Sometimes occur at the beginning of a menstrual
  period
• Light exercise and applying a heat pad may reduce
  symptoms
• Medication for pain relief may be used

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Problems of the Female Reproductive System

• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• A disorder caused by hormonal changes
• Symptoms
• Nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating,
  weight gain, depression, mood swings, and fatigue
• Regular physical activity and good nutrition may
  reduce severity of symptoms

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Problems of the Female Reproductive System

• Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
• Bacterial infection that affects the immune
  system and the liver can be fatal
• To reduce risk use tampons with the lowest
  possible absorbency and change tampons often
• Warning signs
• Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, a sunburn-like rash
  red eyes, dizziness, and muscle aches

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Problems Related to Infertility

• Endometriosis
• Painful, chronic disease
• Occurs when tissue that lines the uterus migrates
  and grows in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the
  uterus, or the lining of the pelvic cavity
• Treatments
• Medications, hormone therapy, and surgery

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Problems Related to Infertility

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Infection of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and
  surrounding areas of the pelvis
• Caused by STDs
• STDs
• Most common causes of infertility

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Other Female Reproductive Disorders

• Vaginitis
• Most common vaginal infection in women of
  childbearing age
• Symptoms
• Discharge, odor, pain, itching, or burning
• Blocked fallopian tubes
• Leading cause of infertility
• Causes
• PID, abdominal surgery, STDs, or endometriosis

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Other Female Reproductive Disorder

• Ovarian cysts
• Fluid-filled sacs on the ovary
• Small cysts usually disappear on their own
• Large cysts may require surgery
• Cysts may rupture and cause intense pain
• Cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancers
• STDs are common causes of these cancers
• Early detection is key!
• Breast Self-Exam