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NORMALCY AND GOOD TIMES (1921 - 1929)
Chapter 16
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Presidential Politics
Main Idea
Warren Hardings administration suffered from
several scandals. His successor, Calvin
Coolidge, promised to support business.
Harding
Coolidge
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The Harding Administration

• In 1920, when Warren G. Harding ran for
  president, most Americans wanted to return to
  simpler times (after the upheaval of the
  progressive era and war).

• His campaign slogan to return to normalcy,
  or a normal life
  after the war, made him
  very popular.
• Most of Hardings
  appointments were
  given to his friends.

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• His old poker-playing friends
  became known as the Ohio Gang.
• Some of the Ohio Gang used their government
  positions to sell jobs, pardons, and immunity
  from prosecution.
• Before most of the scandals became public
  knowledge, Harding fell ill and died in 1923.

Warren G. Harding
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• Hardings Secretary of the Interior, Albert B.
  Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease
  lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at
  Teapot Dome, Wyoming.
• He received bribes totaling
  over 300,000.
• The Teapot Dome scandal
  ended with Fall as the first
  cabinet officer in history to
  be sent to prison.

SCANDAL!
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• Another Harding administration scandal involved
  Attorney Gen. Harry Daugherty.
• Bribe money ended up in a bank account controlled
  by Daugherty.
• He refused to testify under oath,
  claiming immunity (freedom
  from prosecution) because he
  had confidential dealings with
  the president.
• The new president, Calvin
  Coolidge, demanded Daughertys resignation.

SCANDAL!
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Coolidge wanted to get rid of the dirt of
the Harding administration.
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Who is this? (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court)
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The Coolidge Administration
The business of America is business.

• V.P. Calvin Coolidge became
  president after Hardings death.
• Coolidge distanced himself
  from the Harding administration.
• He focused on prosperity through
  business leadership
  with little government
  intervention.
• Easily won GOP presidential
  nomination in
  1924.

Calvin Coolidge
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• Coolidge won 1924 election with more than half of
  the popular vote.
• Promised to give America the normalcy that
  Harding had not
  (because of all the scandals).

GOP Coolidge Dem John W.
Davis Progressive Robert LaFollette
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Calvin Coolidge was called Silent Cal because
he was a man of very few words.
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A Growing Economy Main Idea The United States
experienced stunning economic growth during the
1920s.
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1920s Technology
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• The Rise of New Industries
• During the 1920s, Americans enjoyed a
  new standard of living.
• Wages increased and work hours decreased.
• Mass production (large-scale product
  manufacturing) increased
  the
  supply of goods and
  decreased costs.
• Greater productivity led
  to the growth of new
  industries.

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• The assembly line, used by carmaker Henry Ford,
  greatly increased manufacturing efficiency by
  dividing up operations into simple tasks that
  unskilled workers could perform.

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Fords assembly-line product, the Model T, sold
for 850 the first year but dropped to 490 after
being mass-produced several years later. By
1924 the Model T was selling for just 295.
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HOW DID HENRY FORD CHANGE AMERICA?
Increased workers wages reduced workday
New businesses emerged
Isolation of rural life ended
Workers could live farther away from work
Gas stations, auto repair shops, oil
industry, and road construction
companies
Gained workers loyalty
Reduced power of Unions
Commuters
More jobs
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• Higher wages made innovations affordable.
• From electric razors to frozen foods and
  household cleaning supplies to labor-saving
  appliances, Americans used their new income to
  make life easier.
• By 1919 the Post Office had expanded airmail
  service across the continent with the help of the
  railroad.

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• 1927 - Charles Lindbergh
  took a transatlantic solo
  flight, which gained
  support in the U.S. for
  commercial flights.
• By the
  end of 1928,
• 48
  airlines were
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  serving 355
• 
  American cities.

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• In 1926 the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
  established a permanent network of radio stations
  to distribute daily programming.
• In 1928 the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
  set up coast-to-coast stations to compete with
  NBC.

N B C
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• The Consumer Society
• American attitudes about debt changed. They
  were more willing to buy on credit.
• Advertising was used
  to convince Americans that
  they needed new products.
• Ads linked products with
  qualities that were popular
  to the modern
  era, such as convenience,
  leisure,
  success, fashion, and style.

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• By the early 1920s, many businesses hired
  professional managers and engineers.
• The large number of managers expanded the size of
  the middle class.
• 1920s unions lost influence/membership, because
  workers were generally satisfied.
• Employers promoted an open shop, where employees
  were not required to join a union.

These workers even have a pool table for their
break time.
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• Welfare capitalism, where employees were able to
  purchase stock, participate in profit sharing,
  and receive benefits, made unions seem
  unnecessary.

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• The Farm Crisis Returns
• American farmers did not
  share in prosperity of 1920s.
• Prices dropped dramatically,
  but the cost to improve farmers technology
  increased.
• During the war, government had encouraged
  farmers to produce more for food supplies needed
  in Europe, so........
• Farmers borrowed money to buy new land and new
  machinery to raise more crops.

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• Farmers prospered during the war.BUT
• .after the war, Europeans had little money to
  buy American farm products.
• After Congress raised tariffs, farmers could no
  longer sell products
  overseas, and prices fell.
• American farmers
  remained in a
  recession through
  the 1920s.

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The Policies of Prosperity Main Idea Economic
policies of the United States government
encouraged the prosperity of the 1920s.
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• Promoting Prosperity
• Andrew Mellon, Hardings Secretary of Treasury,
  reduced government spending and cut the federal
  budget.
• Secretary Mellon applied the idea of
  supply-side economics to reduce taxes.
• This idea suggested that
  lower taxes would allow
  businesses and consumers
  to spend and invest
  their extra
  money, resulting in
  economic growth.

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• In the end, the government would collect more
  taxes at a lower rate.

Government

• Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover attempted
  to balance government regulation with cooperative
  individualism.
• Business voluntarily work together and with
  government for the benefit of all.
• Hoover felt this would reduce waste and costs
  and lead to economic stability.

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• Trade and Arms Control
• By the 1920s, the United States was THE
  dominant economic power in the world.
• Allies owed the U.S. billions of dollars in war
  debts.
• The U.S. national income was far greater than
  that of Britain, Germany, France, and Japan
  combined.
• Many Americans favored
  isolationism rather than
  international involvement.

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• Americans wanted to be left
  alone to pursue prosperity.
• But the U.S. was too
  connected in international affairs to
  stay isolated.
• Some countries felt the U.S. should
  help with
  the war debt.
• We disagreed other Allies had gained new
  territory received reparations from Germany.
  The U.S. received no land or reparations.

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• Heavy reparations had crippled the German
  economy!
• As a result, Charles G. Dawes, American diplomat
  and banker, negotiated an agreement the Dawes
  Plan with France, Britain, and
  Germany.

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• The Washington Conference (1921) invited
  countries to discuss the postwar naval
  arms race.
• Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes
  proposed a 10-year moratorium (pause) on
  the construction of major new warships.
• Japan was angry that the conference required
  Japan to keep a smaller
  navy than the United States
  and Great Britain.

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• The Kellogg-Briand Pact was a treaty that tried
  to outlaw war.
• By signing the treaty, countries agreed to stop
  war and settle all disputes peacefully.
• The treaty had no binding force,
  but it
  was hailed
  as a victory.

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Chapter Assessment 1
Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
F
__ 1. a workplace where workers are not required
to join a union __ 2. the production of large
quantities of goods using machinery and often an
assembly line __ 3. President Hoovers policy of
encouraging manufacturers and distributors to
form their own organizations and volunteer
information to the federal government in an
effort to stimulate the economy __ 4. the state
or fact of being normal __ 5. a suspension of
activity
A. normalcy B. immunity C. mass
production D. assembly line E. welfare
capitalism F. open shop G. supply-side
economics H. cooperative individualism I. isolatio
nism J. moratorium
C
H
A
J
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Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
__ 6. system in which companies enable employees
to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and
receive benefits such as medical care, common in
the 1920s __ 7. freedom from prosecution __
8. economic theory that lower taxes will boost
the economy as businesses and individuals invest
their money, thereby creating higher tax revenue
E
A. normalcy B. immunity C. mass
production D. assembly line E. welfare
capitalism F. open shop G. supply-side
economics H. cooperative individualism I. isolatio
nism J. moratorium
B
G
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Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their
definitions on the left.
__ 9. a production system with machines and
workers arranged so that each person performs an
assigned task again and again as the item passes
before him or her __ 10. a national policy of
avoiding involvement in world affairs
A. normalcy B. immunity C. mass
production D. assembly line E. welfare
capitalism F. open shop G. supply-side
economics H. cooperative individualism I. isolatio
nism J. moratorium
D
I
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WARM-UP
I'm like any other man. All I do is supply a
demand.
Al Capone was the most famous
"gangster" of the 1920s.
He ran a huge crime
syndicate. What "demand" do you think he was
talking about? What were some of the
difficulties that authorities had in trying to
enforce that law?
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WARM-UP
If you think you can do a thing or think you
can't do a thing, you're right.
Do you agree with Henry Ford's
statement? Ford had a huge impact on this
nation's economy during the 1920s. Do you think
that his philosophy was in any way responsible
for his accomplishments?