The Reformation

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The Reformation
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The Christian Church Itself Was Created by Reform
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St Pauls new covenant

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St Augustines Neo-Platonism

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St Aquinass Scholasticism

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Marsiglio, Wyclif and Huss

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Signs of Disorder

• At the local level- vulgarized and semi pagan,
  but still spiritual
• Reforms needed
• Clerical immorality
• Clerical ignorance
• Pluralism

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The Condition of the Church

• The Babylonian Captivity
• The Great Schism
• The Councilor Movement

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Woolsey in England

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Borgia Family in Rome

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Signs of VitalityBrethren of the Common
lifePilgrimagesEcumenical Councils

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Pope needs money to complete a special project.

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Martin Luther

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Early Years

• Studied Law
• Masters Degree at 21
• Thunderstorm Friar
• At 26 PHD in Theology

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Luther and Paul

• Through Paul Luther determines
• Salvation cannot be earned

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Luthers need to reform

• Through Paul Luther determines
• Salvation cannot be earned
• Salvation is determined by faith ALONE!
• Salvation comes as a gift from the grace of God.

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Indulgences

• John Tetzel is given permission to collect money
  to grant sinners forgiveness
• As soon as coin in the coffer rings, the soul
  from purgatory springs

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Ninety Five ThesisLeo X allows pluralism in
Mainz

• Albert borrowed a vast amount from the Fuggars
• Pope Allows him to collect indulgencies
• Pope gets half for St. Petes

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Luther defends Hus

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1517 Luther posts his theses

• Indulgencies have no Biblical basis.
• The debate turns on the legal authority of the
  Pope.
• If not the pope then who has legal authority

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Luther receives a Papal Bull

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The Diet of Worms (1521)

• Germans begin to call for a revolt
• Charles V summons Luther
• Luther refuses to recant
• Luther is declared an outlaw

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Charles V The protector of the faith

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Luther before the Diet I am bound by the
scriptures

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Frederick of Saxony

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All vocations have equal merit

• 1. Abolition on monasticism
• 2. The Christian home
• 3. No confessionals
• 4. Protestant school

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No one is as free as a Christian

• Stirs a series of peasant revolts
• Luther rejects and condemns revolts. ( God hates
  a rebel )
• 100,000 peasants are killed

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Luther and the power of Language

• The Catechisms
• Sermons and Psalms
• Music-
• Excellent teaching device
• Appeals to most segments in society on an
  emotional level

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Luther The greatest German ever to live perhaps
the greatest of all Europeans.
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Four theological issues

• 1. How is a person saved?
• 2. Where does religious authority reside?
• 3. What is the church?
• 4. What is the highest form of Christian
  life?

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A person may be saved by faith alone
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Authority rests in the word of God as revealed in
the Bible
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The Church is the entire Christian community
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The SacramentsCatholic

• Baptism
• Eucharist Communion
• Confirmation
• Penance- Confession
• Marriage
• Holy Orders
• Anointing the sick

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(No Transcript)
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Transubstanation

• Wine and bread become the blood and body of Christ

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Consubstianation

• The spirit is present but the wine and bread
  remain unchanged

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All vocations have value as every person should
serve God according to his or her calling.Link
capitalism. Which makes the Reformation in the
mind of many intellectuals the greatest event
in modern history
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Social Impact of the Reformation

• 1. Resentment of clerical privileges
• 2. Preacherships - Sermons over Eucharist
• 3. On Christian Liberty
• 4. Publishing in the vernacular

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Social Impact of Luthers Beliefs

• 1. Reduce the privileges of the clergy
• 2. Preacherships became leaders sermons not
  the Eucharist.
• 3. Peasant unrest On Christian Liberty.

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Protestantism and Women

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The Christian Home

• 1 Abolition of monasticism
• 2 All vocations are worthy
• 3 abolition of private confession
• 4 Sexuality is as natural as eating or drinking

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Germany and Protestantism

• 1 No central power
• 2 Loose confederation of states
• 3 The rise of the Habsburgs
• 4 Burgundy and Austria other nations wage war
  Habsburgs marry

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Charles V (1500 58)

• 1 Duty to maintain political and religious unity
  of Western Christendom
• 2 German interests were subordinate to Habsburg
  interests

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Political impact of Luthers beliefs

• 1 Different religions represented a political
  threat
• 2 Local Princess began legal confiscation of
  Roman Catholic property
• 3 Proved to be a political disaster for Germany

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Germany Divided

• Turkish Threat

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Divided Germany
American Territories Habsburg Valois Wars Peace
of Augsburg 1555 left a fragmented Germany
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The Growth of Protestantism
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Calvin

• Theocracy in Geneva Switzerland
• The Church is the state
• Predestination
• Redemptive work of Jesus
• Hard work is its own reward
• The Consistory
• The Institutes of the Christian Religion

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The Anabaptists

• Only adults could make a free choice
• Only a few received the inner light
• Religious toleration
• Women as ministers
• By their fruits you shall know them
• Pacifists

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The English Reformation

• The Lollards Individual interpretation- they
  were few
• Sacraments were of no value

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Henry VIII

• The Catholic Church was healthy in England
• The Kings emotional life brought about the
  English Reformation
• Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded,
  survived

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Henry removes the Catholic Church

• 1. The Act of Restraint of Appeals 1533
• 2. The Act of Submission of the Clergy 1534
• 3. The Supremacy Act The King is the head of
  the Church
• 4. By 1539 Henry with the help of Thomas
  Cromwell dissolves all the English monasteries

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Opposition to the King

• Little evidence from the lay people because few
  knew what was happening
• The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 Multi class
  rebellion in the north of England- all the
  leaders were executed by 1546

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Internal Reforms in England

• Cromwell centralized govt.
• New departments of state were created
• The Office of the Exchequer
• Surpluses were liquid and applied to deficits to
  balance the budget
• Growth of the modern bureaucratic state

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The Church in Scotland

• Weak political authority
• James V (I) Mary Queen of Scots
• Catholics Stuarts -France
• John Knox Reformer Studied Calvin
  Presbyterian becomes state religion Much like
  the Puritans Book of Common Prayer

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The protest becomes political

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Protestanism in Ireland

• English wanted to exterminate the Irish but it
  cost too much
• The Church of Ireland was patterned after the The
  Church of England
• Many Irish remained Roman Catholic

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Lutheranism in Scandinavia

• Denmark was ruling the area
• These areas become Lutheran
• 1520 Sweden breaks away
• Norway will not be independent until 1814

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The Catholic Reformation and the Counter
Reformation

• 1517 Catholic Reformation Promote Catholicism
• 1540 Counter Reformation Coerce dissidents or
  heretics to return to the church
• They were not mutually exclusive

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Slowness of institutional Reform

• The preoccupation of the Popes with Italian
  politics
• Popes fear of conciliar power
• More interested in obtaining and sponsoring art
  Clement VII
• Hapsburg Valois conflicts
• 1527 The Protestant sack of Rome

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The Council of Trent 1545 -63

• Reconcile with Protestants
• The argument over the scripture made
  reconciliation impossible
• The Conciliar movement again
• Sacraments remain
• Educational requirements for priests
• Jurisdiction over marriage

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Reaffirmed Catholic Doctrine Rejected Lutheran
and Calvinist positions Laid the foundation for
spiritual renewal Served as the foundation for
Catholic doctrine for four centuries
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Jesuits - Ignatius Loyola

• Set up Church schools
• Recruited from Schools
• Missionary Zeal
• The best of the church go on missions
• Converts millions to Christianity
• India
• Asia
• The Americas

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Teresa of Avila
A reaction to raise the spiritual condition of
the clergy and the laity The Ursuline Order
Religious order for women Very popular Raised
the intellectual and moral level or the clergy
and the people
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I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at
the iron's point there seemed to be a little
fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at
times into my heart, and to pierce my very
entrails when he drew it out, he seemed to draw
them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a
great love of God. The pain was so great, that it
made me moan and yet so surpassing was the
sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could
not wish to be rid of it...
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The Ecstasy of St Teresa - Bernini
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The Congregation of the Holy office

• Find heretics
• The index of Prohibited Books
• Weak enforcement outside of Papal States

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Introduction

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Topics of Discussion

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Topic One

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Topic Two

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Topic Three

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Real Life

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What This Means

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Next Steps

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