ROME

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ROME

• Republic to Empire

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Romulus and Remus myth?
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The Italian Peninsula

• The north of modern Italy was ruled by the
  Etruscan civilization an advanced people where
  Etruscan women occupied positions of social power
  greater than the women of Greece or later Rome.
• In the mid-750s B.C.E., the Latins moved from
  eastern Europe into central Italy. They
  established the city of Rome on the Tiber River
  and the Palatine Hill. There were seven hills of
  Rome all together.
• The Latins were also influenced by the Greeks who
  had colonies on Sicily and other parts of Italy.

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An Etruscan husband and wife from a tomb
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• As Rome prospered, the Roman aristocracy grew
  tired of being under the control of the Etruscan
  kings. About 509 B.C.E., the Romans overthrew
  the last Etruscan monarch Tarquinius Superbus.
  These Roman aristocrats, or leading families,
  ruled all aspects of government. They were known
  as patricians. Today, the word patrician refers
  to someone or something of the upper class.

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• As time went on, the non-aristocrat citizens of
  Roman, known as plebeians, fought for access to
  the power of government. They eventually were
  allowed to participate in government. Today, the
  word plebeian refers to someone or something of
  the common people. NOTE both Ancient Greece and
  Rome had internal conflicts between aristocrats
  and other citizens over access to power.

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• The citizens of Rome (REMEMBER most people in
  Rome were slaves who were not citizens) developed
  a form of democracy and established the Roman
  Republic. They prided themselves on not having a
  monarch. This was far from our contemporary
  sense of democracy, but it followed Athens in the
  growing sense of a citizens right to participate
  in government.

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• The early Romans were connected to the land as a
  way of feeling Roman. When Rome was threatened
  by outsiders, the great Roman CINCINNATUS was
  said to have left the plowing of his fields to
  assume control of Rome. After defeating Romes
  enemies, he supposedly went back to his plow. He
  was a symbol of a citizen who leaves his home to
  defend his country and then leaves power to
  return to the land.

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Cincinnatus with his plow and fasces
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Fasces

• An axe tied in a bundle of rods was called a
  fasces and was a symbol of power.

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• As Rome grew, so did the need for land. Rome had
  been threatened by outsiders, now Roman became
  the aggressor. Key to the success of Roman
  expansion was the Roman army. Since Romans
  believed that only citizens who owned property
  would fight courageously, all Roman male citizens
  between 17 and 46 who owned a substantial amount
  of land had to serve in the Roman army.

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• The Romans used a smaller variation of the Greek
  phalanx called a maniple.
• Maniples were combined into cohorts
• 10 cohorts (about 600 men) were combined into a
  legion.
• Within a legion were men known as centurions who
  were responsible for 100 men known as centuries.

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Roman Expansion

• The Roman armies defeated the Etruscans to the
  north and the Greek colonies to the south. This
  included the city of Syracuse on the island of
  Sicily off the southern coast of Italy. Sicily
  was close to the coast of northern Africa and the
  city of Carthage.

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Carthage

• On the coast of northern Africa the Phoenicians
  had founded a trading post named Carthage. This
  city grew into a powerful trading empire along
  the coast of Africa with outposts in Spain and
  the islands of the Mediterranean off the coast of
  Italy.
• Rome and Carthage were destined to come into
  conflict because of trade and territorial
  competition.

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The First Punic War 264 B.C.E.

• Rome had initial problems battling the
  Carthaginians because Carthage had a well
  organized navy while Rome was forced to quickly
  develop a navy from scratch. Eventually, Rome
  did win concessions from Carthage in a peace
  treaty that gave Rome the island of Sicily.
  Carthage lost, in part, due to the fact that most
  of its soldiers were paid mercenaries and not
  citizens.

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The Second Punic War 218 B.C.E.

• After the first war, relations between Rome and
  Carthage worsened. In 218 B.C.E., the
  Carthaginian general Hannibal decided to attack
  Rome on land. He crossed the Strait of Gibraltar
  into Spain and marched to Rome. The Romans were
  shocked to see Hannibals greatest weapons
  elephants. Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216
  B.C.E. at the Battle of Cannae. The Romans had
  lost over 50,000 men.

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Hannibal
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• By 215 B.C.E., Rome had lost over 100,000 men.
  Sicily rebelled against Rome and in Macedonia,
  King Philip V agreed to attack Roman outposts in
  order to help Carthage. All appeared lost for
  Rome.
• What will happen????

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• Fabius Maximus is what happened. This Roman
  commander attacked Hannibals supply lines in
  minor battles but it weakened Hannibals
  forces.
• Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio took the
  Roman legions to Carthage itself. Hannibal was
  forced to return to Africa to defend Carthage.
  Scipio defeated Hannibal in 202 B.C.E on the
  Plain of Zama ending the Second Punic War.

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Scipio
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The Third Punic War 149 B.C.E.

• Decades of fighting Carthage left Romans bitter
  and fearful. The Roman statesman Cato ended
  every speech with the phrase Carthage must be
  destroyed. He wanted Romans to remember the
  wars and to take action against Carthage.
  Finally, Rome attacked and destroyed Carthage.
  The city was ruined and its people enslaved.
  Salt was plowed into the land to keep plants from
  growing. This massive destruction of the loser
  in a war is known as Carthaginian Peace.

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Cato
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• Rome also attacked Macedonia in revenge for its
  support of Carthage. Rome defeated the Greeks,
  and by 133 B.C.E., Roman controlled land from one
  end of the Mediterranean to the other.

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Plebeian vs. Patrician

• For several hundred years, plebeians struggled
  with patricians for access to power.
• At times, plebeians threatened to withhold their
  participation in the army until there was an end
  to debt slavery and access to the military for
  plebeians without property

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Structure of Government in the Republic

• 1. the Senate senior body of advisors handled
  all foreign affairs and public finances
• 2. popular assemblies all citizens voted on
  laws and elected officials not a permanent
  assembly
• 3. public officials magistrates put laws into
  practice and governed in the name of the Senate
  and the Roman people

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Public Officials

• Consuls two chief executives elected to one
  year terms
• Censors 18 month terms recorded wealth and
  residence of population
• Praetors - judges

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The Conflict of the Orders

• Plebeian Council plebeian assembly eventually
  ca. 200 B.C.E. laws passed by Plebeian Assembly
  applied to patricians as well
• Law of the Twelve Tables plebeians forced
  patricians to codify in print the laws that
  regulated society. This gave plebeians the power
  to use the law and make sure the law was not used
  against them
• More citizens had access to power

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Problems of Conquest

• Service in army too burdensome returned after
  years to find homes often sold for debt
• Growing urban unemployed
• Slave revolts 73 B.C.E. Spartacus slave
  gladiator led massive two year revolt on the
  Italian peninsula
• Increase in influence of Hellenistic world
  civic duty often replaced by questioning authority

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Spartacus
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The Roman Revolution

• Growing tensions between plebeians and the Roman
  elite
• Pressures of growing territory

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The Gracchi

• 133 B.C.E. tribune Tiberius Gracchus and his
  brother Gaius Gracchus began to complain about
  the treatment of farmer soldiers often reduced
  to poverty
• Urged on by public support the Gracchi sought to
  take public land and distribute the land to small
  farmers.
• EQUALIZATION OF SOCIETY
• USE OF PUBLIC LAND/FUNDS TO EQUALIZE

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The Gracchi
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• Roman elite and the Senate fearful of Gracchi led
  social upheaval
• Senate urged people to kill Gracchi supporters
• Gracchi clubbed to death blood shed in the
  Roman Forum

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The Forum
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Marius

• 107 B.C.E. Marius a Roman general was elected
  consul
• He removed property qualification for army
  service
• Poor people flocked to army hoping to receive
  part of any plunder
• Armies became more loyal to individual generals
  than the Roman state

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Marius
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The Social War 90 B.C.E

• Italian allies of Rome were not considered Roman
  citizens
• These allies wanted to be part of the Roman
  political entity access to power
• They rebelled against Rome in a series of bloody
  uprisings.
• Latin word for ally was socius from this we get
  the term social

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• The Roman allies lost but the Roman Senate did
  eventually allow all of Italy the right to become
  Roman citizens and the political and social
  rights that entailed.
• Growing access to political power

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Sulla

• 88 B.C.E Lucius Cornelius Sulla rose to the
  position of consul after his success in the
  Social War.
• After serving as consul many in Rome tried to
  stop Sulla from taking a military command
• Sulla marched on Rome with his legions
  offending the gods!

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• Bloody civil war Sulla tried to reinstate
  traditional power of the Senate and oligarchy
  (good word!)
• When he thought he had returned power to the
  Senate and oligarchy Sulla gave up power and
  retired. Symbol of those putting state over
  personal ambition.

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Sulla
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The Triumvirate

• The idea of the power of the Roman citizen was
  ebbing in the generation after Sulla
• Three prominent Romans assumed a power sharing
  system called the triumvirate
• Gnaeus Pompey
• Julius Caesar
• Licinus Crassus

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Pompey
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Julius Caesar
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Julius Caesar

• Fought Romes enemies throughout the
  Mediterranean
• Asia minor wrote the Senate veni,vidi,vici I
  came, I saw, I conquered!
• 55 B.C.E. began Roman conquest of Britain
• 58-51 B.C.E. conquest of Gaul (France)
• 49 B.C.E crossed the Rubicon River with troops on
  march to Rome FORBIDDEN!!

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Crassus
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• Legions became loyal to each member of the
  triumvirate instead of the state
• After Crassuss death Pompey and Julius Caesar
  fought for control of Rome
• Julius Caesar defeated Pompeys forces and
  assumed control of Rome Pompey had been
  murdered by Ptolemy Egyptian pharaoh and
  brother of Cleopatra

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Julius Caesar

• 44 B.C.E. the other members of the triumvirate
  dead
• Tremendous popularity due to success of his
  forces
• Support of the legions
• Appointed by the Senate as Dictator for Life
• Some were jealous of his power
• Some were fearful of a one man rule for Rome

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Beware the Ides of March

• 15 March 44 B.C.E. The Ides of March
• Julius Caesar stabbed to death by some of Romes
  greatest citizens including his friend Brutus
• Brutus has since that time been known as one of
  the worlds greatest traitors as well as someone
  who put what he thought best for the common good
  above his personal wishes

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Et tu, Brute?
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After Julius Caesar

• Senate appointed three leaders to rule in the
  Second Triumvirate
• Octavian Caesars nephew and heir he
  eventually takes the name Caesar Augustus
• Marc Antony soldier and ally of Julius Caesars
• Lepidus - priest

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Octavian
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Marc Antony
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• Disagreements led Octavian and Marc Antony to
  spilt the Roman lands into east and west
• Octavian controlled the west and Marc Antony the
  east
• Civil War soon broke out between Octavian and
  Marc Antony Lepidus was merely pushed aside by
  the other two

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• Marc Antony allied himself with Cleopatra the
  queen of Egypt and descendant of Alexander the
  Greats generals
• Octavian defeated Marc Antony and the Egyptian
  navy at the naval Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.E
• Famously, Marc Antony and Cleopatra each
  committed suicide

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Cleopatra
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Battle of Actium
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The Death of Cleopatra
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Octavian become Augustus

• Brutus and other conspirators killed Julius
  Caesar in order to maintain the Republic.
• Ironically, this murder led to the rise of
  Octavian as emperor Caesar Augustus
• The Republic was dead and the Roman Empire was
  born!!!!!!!

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The Origins of the Roman Empire
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AUGUSTUS
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The Roman Empire

• Octavian believed that it was impossible for Rome
  to return to the old style republic so he
  assumed control.
• He said that he was merely the PRINCEPS or
  first citizen of Rome his rule was called the
  Principate
• Under Octavian given the title AUGUSTUS in 27
  B.C.E. by the Senate Rome flourished under a
  strong central authority. He said that when he
  came to Rome it was a city of brick and he left
  it a city of marble.

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Emperors after Augustus

• While Rome continued to prosper the emperors
  immediately following Augustus were a sorry lot.
• Tiberius Augustus adopted son

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Tiberius
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Caligula
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Claudius
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Nero

• Did he fiddle while Rome burned?

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• The personal lives and depravity of these
  emperors led many Roman leaders to worry about
  the future of Rome.
• After the death of Nero in 68 A.D. the army
  controlled Rome until the Emperor Vespasian
  restored order. He and his following two
  emperors were called the FLAVIANS and they were
  followed by the GOOD EMPERORS

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• The Good Emperors established a strong central
  authority and brought financial security to Rome.
• Three important Good Emperors were
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Marcus Aurelius

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• Hadrian became famous for his building of strong
  defenses at the edges of the empire. He ordered
  a wall to be built across the island of Britain
  in order to keep the Picts (Scots) in the north
  from invading Roman Britain.

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• Hadrian

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Pax Romana

• From the start of Augustuss reign in 27 B.C.E.
  until the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 A.D.
  Rome was usually at peace. This time of peace
  allowed the empire to develop its government,
  culture, and technology.

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• Marcus Aurelius

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Roman Imperial Government

• The large empire was divided into provinces ruled
  by a governor. Control of the governors by the
  emperor ensured uniformity in rule throughout the
  empire.
• Roman citizens could always appeal any decision
  directly to the emperor if they wished.

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• Roman law was codified and applied equally
  throughout the empire to citizens.
• Roman law was also flexible and changed over time
  to reflect changing needs.
• Roman law was the basis for most of modern
  western law.

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Culture and Society

• Romans adopted Greek gods and the Greek love of
  literature and theater. The Roman built
  amphitheaters in the lands they controlled.

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• Jupiter

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• Juno

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• Mars

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• Apollo

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• Bacchus

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Venus
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• Venus

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• Cupid

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• Ceres

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• Diana

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• Mercury

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• Minerva

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• Neptune

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• Pluto

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• Vulcan

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• Why we have winter

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All Roads Lead to Rome

• Rome was able to spread its armies and its
  culture throughout the empire because of its
  great road system

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• The most famous road was the Apian Way

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Roman aqueducts

• The Romans developed an intricate system of
  aqueducts that brought running water to most of
  the major cities. Running water allowed for
  aesthetics such as fountains and necessities such
  as drinking water and latrines.

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Pont du Gard
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• Roman roads helped Roman trade. All parts of the
  empire traded farm goods and manufactured goods
  such as cloth.
• Good economic conditions and relative peace led
  to an increased standard of living for many Roman
  citizens.

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How to kill a few hours - literally

• For all of their advances, the Romans were a
  people who enjoyed watching pain, torture, and
  death. Gladiatorial games, executions, and
  animals killing each other were all forms of
  recreation. It seemed as if the more death the
  Romans saw, the happier they were.

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The Colosseum
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• Gladiators were usually slaves who were forced to
  fight. Most fights were not to the death. A
  successful gladiator may sometimes win his
  freedom. Death was usually the outcome, however.
  Wounds and infections often killed the
  gladiators more than the actual fight.

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The Fall of the Roman Empire

• Beginning about the year 200 A.D., multiple
  factors added stress to the Roman Empire. Over
  the next two hundred years, the empire faced
  internal and external problems that caused it to
  fall.

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• Threats of Invasion
• Germanic tribes were migrating west and
  encountering the Roman Empire. The empire needed
  more and more troops in order to stop the
  Germanic peoples from invading. This caused
• Unease in the Empire
• Increased spending
• The need to recruit soldiers outside the empire
• The Legions to have supreme power

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• The legions began to wield tremendous amounts of
  power in the empire. In the 200s, emperors were
  raised and removed by the army. Most emperors
  died violent deaths. This added a feeling of
  uncertainty to the empire making people wary
  about all aspects of society.

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• Economic troubles
• Insecurity made many merchants hesitant about
  trade slowing the economy
• Military needs demanded more tax money
• 212 A.D. all free people in the empire were made
  citizens so they would then pay taxes to Rome.
  This temporary increase in the money supply
  devalued the money itself.

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• These concerns led to a psychological fear that
  the empire was unstable. People began to look
  for stability in new religions especially
  Christianity. Since the empire was based on
  beliefs in the Roman gods and the sometime
  divinity of the emperors Christianity was
  initially a threat to the power of the Roman
  government.

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• Trade imbalance
• When the empire stopped expanding the amount of
  gold brought into the empire from new lands
  declined. Also, more money was sent out of the
  empire to places such as India and China than
  came in to the empire eventually resulting in a
  lessening money supply. The empire then made
  coins with only some gold and silver in them
  lessening the value of the money causing
  INFLATION.

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Diocletian

• In the early 300s, the Emperor Diocletian
  suspended any pretense of sharing power and he
  assumed the role of a complete autocrat.
• He reorganized the political and economic aspects
  of the empire streamlining its bureaucracy and
  making the empire more efficient.

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DIOCLETIAN
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Division of the Empire

• Diocletian divided the empire into western and
  eastern parts making co-emperors again
  attempting to make running the empire more
  efficient.
• Internal jealousies led to civil war between the
  co-emperors. In 312, the Emperor CONSTANTINE
  emerged supreme.

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• Constantine

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CONSTANTINE

• Constantine made two important changes to the
  Roman Empire
• He established a second capital at the city of
  Byzantium on the western side of the Bosporus
  renaming it CONSTANTINOPLE
• With the Edict of Milan 313 A.D. he made
  Christianity the official religion of the empire.
• In this sign, conquer!

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The Final Days of the Western Roman Empire

• The invasion of the Germanic peoples coupled
  with internal weaknesses and divisions led to
  the final fall of the western half of the Roman
  Empire.
• 410 A.D. the Visigoths under their leader
  Alaric sacked the city of Rome itself
• Attila the leader of the Huns led his people in
  attacks on the empire

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• In 476 A.D., the Ostrogoth commander Odoacer
  overthrew the last western Roman emperor
  Romulus Augustulus.
• The Eastern Roman Empire continued and flourished
  for another one thousand years. It became known
  as the BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• The church led by the bishop of Rome became the
  only unifying factor in western Europe.
• The Dark Ages has begun what will happen to
  Europe????????

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• CHAOS!!!!
• oh no!!!!!!!