Rome

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Rome Christianity

• Chapter 6

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The Roman Republic

• Myth of Rome
• Founded by Romulus and Remus
• Twins abandoned and raised by she-wolf

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The Roman Republic

• Benefits of location
• Hills
• Tiber River
• Peninsula
• Alps

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The Roman Republic

• Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans
• Alphabet and arch

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The Roman Republic

• After being taken over and ruled by a number of
  Etruscan kings, the people of Rome wanted new
  government
• Republic power rests with the citizens who have
  the right to vote for their leaders

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The Roman Republic

• Social classes
• Patricians wealthy landowners with most power
• Plebeians commoners who made up majority of
  population

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The Roman Republic

• Patricians
• Inherited status
• Make laws
• Forced to write the Twelve Tables
• All free citizens have right to protection of law

• Plebeians
• Right to vote
• Couldnt hold government positions
• Tribunes assemblies of plebeian representatives

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The Roman Republic

• By the 1st century B.C.

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The Roman Republic

• Two consuls
• Like kings
• Ran military
• One-year term
• Can veto each other

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The Roman Republic

• Senate
• Originally only had patricians
• Made foreign and domestic policies

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The Roman Republic

• Tribunes Assemblies
• Mostly plebeians
• Made laws for the common people

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The Roman Republic

• Dictator
• In times of crisis
• In power for only 6 months

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The Roman Republic

• Roman army
• Responsible for much of Romes success
• All landowners must serve
• Highly organized
• Legions largest military unit

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The Roman Republic

• Page 157
• With a partner, answer questions 1 and 2 that go
  with the chart Comparing Republican Governments

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The Roman Republic

• By 265 B.C. Rome had conquered most of Italy
• Latins became full citizens
• Conquered people had all rights of citizens
  except the vote
• Why do you think the Romans gave full citizens to
  conquered people living close to Rome?

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The Roman Republic

• Romes only enemy was Carthage (pg. 159)
• Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)
• Rome vs. Carthage
• Hannibal famous general of Carthage led a
  massive attack through Spain to Italian peninsula
• Finally defeated Carthage under General Scipio
• Rome becomes the power in the Mediterranean!

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Assignment

• Read Ch.6.2 The Roman Empire
• Complete the 6.2 Study Guide

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The Roman Empire

• What are the benefits of having a single ruler in
  power?
• What are the drawbacks?

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The Roman Empire

• Problems in Roman Republic
• Rich/poor gap widened
• Poor totaled over half of population
• Murders of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• As tribunes, attempted to give more land to the
  poor
• Civil war began
• Power-hungry military leaders
• Recruited the poor by promising land
• Soldiers now felt allegiance to generals, not the
  republic

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The Roman Empire

• One military leader takes control
• Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey
• Triumvirate group of three rulers
• Won mens loyalty because he also fought in war
• Served one year as consul, then governor of Gaul

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The Roman Empire

• Becoming dictator
• Success in Gaul gains popular support
• Pompey feared Caesar was power-hungry, ordered
  him to disband his army
• Marched to Rome and the senate declared him
  dictator for life

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The Roman Empire

• Good absolutism?
• Had total power, but used it to make reforms
• Citizenship granted to provinces
• Expanded senate
• Created jobs
• Increased soldiers pay
• Created regions where poor could own property

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The Roman Empire

• Many feared Caesars power and popularity
• Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted to kill
  him at the Senate
• Assassinated on March 15, 44 BC
• The irony of his murder? The senators killed
  Julius Caesar in order to preserve the republic.
  Instead, it led to the demise of the republic!

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The Roman Empire

• Second Triumvirate
• Lepidus, Octavian, Marc Antony
• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire and defeated
  Marc Antony/Cleopatras forces
• Declared Augustus exalted one
• Augustus Caesar become Romes first emperor!

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The Roman Empire

• Pax Romana 200-year period of peace
• Stable government
• Paid civil service
• Stable economy
• Agriculture- 90 of ppl worked in farming
• Denarius- same coin throughout empire
• Extensive network of roads

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The Roman Road System
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• Augustus as emperor begins the Pax Romana from
• 25 BC AD 180.
• Roman Peace. Rome had become the Mediterranean
  and European superpower. It used this power to
  create peace and prosperity throughout the
  region.
• There was no one to seriously challenge it and
  Rome could keep people in line or put down
  rebellions.
• Also protected trade.
• No civil wars.
• There were still wars, mind you, but most of them
  were to expand Romes boundaries or preserve
  them. Most action was on the borders while the
  interior stayed safe.
• Agriculture was the most important industry in
  the empire, with farming employing 90 of the
  people.

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• Entertainment and Bread and Circuses
• Wealth and Social Status made huge differences in
  how people lived. RICH VS. POOR
• Much of Romes populace was poor and many
  unemployed.
• This is a recipe for disaster if theyre not kept
  occupied.
• Emperors, at state expense, would put on massive
  entertainment events.
• Chariot races at the Circus Maximus.
• Gladiator battles at the Colosseum.
• Everybody also got grain rations- Rome becomes a
  welfare state.

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The Roman Empire

• Roman values
• Gravitas Strength, loyalty, usefulness, power,
  and discipline

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Assignment

• Read Section 6.3 The Rise of Christianity
• Complete the Ch.6.3 Study Guide (vocab and
  questions)

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Christianity

• Development, Teaching, and Spread of the Religion

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Rise of Christianity

• This religion grew out of Jewish traditions.
• Jewish prophets predicted that a messiah, or one
  anointed by Yahweh, would be sent to deliver the
  Jews from foreign rule
• Jesus, founder of Christianity

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Rise of Christianity

• Gospels written by the followers of Jesus, tell
  about the life of Jesus

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Rise of Christianity

• Roman officials worried about Jesus popularity
• They considered him to be a rebel
• Jesus was sentenced to die by crucifixion

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Teachings of Jesus

• Monotheism
• Believed in the Jewish God and the Ten
  Commandments
• Placed less emphasis on law
• More emphasis on compassion, forgiveness, and
  equality of all people
• Taught with parables short stories with simple
  moral lessons

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Teachings of Jesus

• Bible the holy book of Christianity
• Includes all prophets of Torah and most books of
  the Torah
• Adds the New Testament, which includes the
  Gospels and other books by Jesus followers

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Spread of Christianity

• Compared with Judaism, Christianity spread over
  far distances in a very short time
• This was due to a few factors
• Judaism is mostly an ethnic religion
• Missionaries and martyrs
• Appeal of Christianity

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Spread of Christianity

• Followers of Jesus were called Christians
• Christ Savior messiah
• Missionaries were able to spread Jesus teachings
  by taking advantage of a peaceful time in the
  Roman empire, and also good roads were available

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Spread of Christianity

• Eventually, enough people were involved in
  Christianity that the Roman empire began to
  respond
• Christians were persecuted for not believing in
  the Roman gods
• Many Christians became martyrs people who suffer
  or die for their beliefs

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Spread of Christianity

• Widespread persecution continued until 313 AD
• Emperor Constantine ended persecution of
  Christians with an Edict of
• tolerance
• He converted on his deathbed

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ASSIGNMENT

• Homework
• Read Ch. 6.4/6.5
• Complete Section 4 and 5 worksheets

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Ch.6.4 and 6.5

• The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
• Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

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Fall of the Roman Empire

• How have people responded to difficult economic
  times and political uncertainty?
• Panic
• Pessimism
• Anxiety
• Anger/blame

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Contributing Factors to the Fall of the Western
Roman Empire

• Economic Reasons
• Military Reasons
• Political Reasons
• Social Reasons

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Economic reasons

• 180 AD is the end to Pax Romana
• Reached limit of expansion, lacked new resources
• Crushing taxes
• Inflation drop in value of money and rise in
  prices
• Poor harvests
• Overworked soil
• Warfare destroyed land

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Fall of the Roman Empire

• Can an empire become too big???

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• Military reasons (One of the bigger reasons for
  the split)
• Long borders
• As the empire expanded, so did its borders.
• Maintaining those borders against enemies became
  a massive and expensive endeavor.
• Military spending took a significant chunk of the
  treasury and took money away from many public
  projects.
• Use of Mercenaries
• Rome also began hiring mercenaries. These guys
  worked for cash, not loyalty, and could be highly
  unreliable. They were also loyal to their
  general, and not to the idea of Rome.

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Political Reasons

• Political office seen as a burden, not a reward
• Military interference in politics
• Civil war and unrest (at one point, there were 50
  emperors in the space of 25 yrs!)
• Division of the empire between East and West
• Moving of the capital to Byzantium

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Social Reasons

• Decline in interest in public affairs
• Low confidence in the empire
• Disloyalty, lack of patriotism, corruption
• Contrast between rich and poor
• Decline in population due to disease and food
  shortage
• Immorality

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Attempts to fix the empire
Emperor Diocletians reforms

• Severely limited personal freedoms
• Doubled size of Roman army
• Set fixed prices on goods to control inflation
• Claimed descent from Roman gods
• Split the empire in two
• Greek East
• Latin West

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The empire is eventually and officially divided
into two halves the western and eastern Roman
empires. This leads to an economic and cultural
divide
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More attempts to fix the empire

• Emperor Constantines Reforms
• Re-united East and West
• Moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium
• Why this city? (pg. 175)
• Renamed Constantinople
• Shifted power of empire to East

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Fall of the Roman Empire

• Fall of the West
• Germanic invasions
• Attila the Hun
• barbarians sacked Rome in 410 and 476 AD
• Romulus Augustulus was the last emperor of Rome

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The Official End of the Western Roman Empire?

• 476 AD

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Fall of the Roman Empire

• East becomes the Byzantine Empire and thrives for
  another 1000 years!

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Ch.6.5

• Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

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• Objectives
• Know and understand the contributions Rome made
  to Western culture.
• Artistic
• Legal
• Architectural
• Language
• Technology/engineering
• Write these down! You can count on an essay
  regarding these points!!!

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• Classical civilization
• Greco-Roman culture or the mix of Greek,
  Hellenistic, and Roman influences.
• Bear in mind that the Roman Empire spanned a wide
  expanse of territory and incorporated a number of
  cultures. Just as Roman culture influences them,
  they influence Rome and a whole new mix comes
  out.
• Your understanding of the term classical is key
  to your understanding the Renaissance!

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• Fine arts
• Greek sculpture emphasized the ideal human form.
  Roman sculpture presented more realistic
  representations of people. The Romans were
  practically-minded, after all.

From This
To This
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• Bas-relief
• Type of sculpture with figures that project from
  a flat background. Often used to tell stories.

Bas-relief of a play
Trajans Column
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• Mosaics
• Very intricate and made by many small tiles.

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Close-up of a mosaic.
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Pompeii August 24, AD 79
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• What Rome gave us (continued)
• Language
• Latin became the basis for the Spanish,
  Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, and French
  languages the Romance languages.
• Started off as just bad Latin, but then
  established themselves as separate languages.

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• Architecture
• Many important buildings, like government
  buildings, use neo-Classical architecture. Like
  say, the U.S. Capitol Building.

The columns, the dome, the arches.
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• The Romans were also big on the arch.
• Its an extremely efficient weight-bearing
  structure.
• You see them a lot in their aqueducts, for
  example.

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• Aqueducts
• The aqueducts were used to supply Rome with water
  and were engineering marvels.
• They supplied Rome with nearly 300 million
  gallons of water a day. Thats for a population
  of just 1 million. That makes for about 300
  gallons of water per day per person.

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• The Pantheon- dedicated to all the gods of the
  empire (not to confused with the Parthenon of
  Athens)

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• The roads and road system were also engineering
  marvels, but weve already talked about them.

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• Law
• Big contribution, mainly the rights of
  individuals.
• Rights under the law.
• Innocent until proven guilty.
• Burden of proof on accuser.
• Punishment for actions.
• The legal system also became basis of most
  Western countries legal systems.

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Would you be able to write an essay explaining
Romes influence on Western Civilization?
I hope so