Bell Ringer: Oct 23 and 26

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Slavery the Middle Passage
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Todays Objectives

• Describe the Triangle Trade and what was traded.
• Explain what is meant by the middle passage.
• Describe the evolution of the African Slave Trade
  and its consequences.

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The Triangle Trade

• Trade route with three legs.

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Leg 1

• Guns, cloth, iron, and beer are taken to Africa.

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Leg 2 The Middle Passage

• Africans voyage across the Atlantic to the New
  World to be used as slaves in the plantation
  system.

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Leg 3

• Sugar is taken to Europe to be made into rum.
• Other raw materials, lumber, whale oil, etc are
  taken to be used in Europe.

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• Triangular Trade linked
• Europe
• Africa
• Americas

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The Middle Passage
Im in the belly of the beast, the bottom of the
boat,And home is a place I'll never get to go.
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Coffin Position Below Deck
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Slave Ships
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• Good Weather
• Allowed to roam on deck
• Fed two small meals
• Boiled rice, millet, or cornmeal and a daily
  ration of a half-pint of water in a pannikin
• Horse beans, the cheapest food available

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• Exercise
• Had to be in acceptable physical condition to
  maximize profit
• Dancing Men were forced to jump up and down to
  the beat of a drum until their ankles bled from
  their chains
• Crew members whipped slaves who refused to dance

"At the savage Captains beck, Now like brutes
they make us prance Smack the cat about the
Deck And in scorn they bid us dance"
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• Bad Weather
• The worst time of the Middle Passage
• Slaves remained below deck all day and night
• These tween decks were filled with slaves (live
  and dead), blood, vomit, urine, and human waste
• Slaves not fed as usual- forced to scrounge for
  crumbs

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• Bedwarming
• Crew member or captain took slave women from the
  tween decks at night
• Physically and sexually abused
• This practice demonstrated the figurative and
  literal rape of the African-American culture by
  the slave traders of the Middle Passage

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Revolts and Punishments

• Made weapons of chains and shackles to attempt to
  kill crew
• Uprisings usually put down quickly by crew ? Most
  Africans who attempted to revolt were killed in
  the process
• Africans harmed themselves to threaten cargo
  (suicide, starvation) ? Crew force fed slaves

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• One of the few successful slave mutinies
• A group of Africans led by Congolese chief Cinque
  killed captain and most of crew on the Amistad
• Long legal battle ? Supreme Court ruled the
  Africans to be free

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Death Toll

• Extreme overcrowding, deplorable conditions
  caused many to die
• Dysentery, smallpox, ophthalmia, malaria, yellow
  fever, scurvy
• Gone mad ? flogged or clubbed to death and thrown
  overboard
• Sick ? starved
• Contagious ? thrown overboard so as not to infect
  others
• Suicide, death from revolting

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The Middle Passage

• Mr. Betts Class Equiano the Middle Passage
• As you watch the clip, take notes on the things
  that Equiano experiences the sights, sounds,
  smells, feelings, questions on the voyage.

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The Evolution of African Slavery

• Some Native Americans died from fighting the
  Europeans but the majority died of disease.
• African slaves were better at fighting off
  diseases.
• Old world
• Immunities that built up over time
• As colonies expanded, the demand for slaves grew.
• Cash Crops (sugar and rice) need for lots of
  labor
• Fewer indentured servants were coming from
  England

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Slavery in the Americas

• African slaves were auctioned off to the highest
  bidder.
• Slaves worked in mines or fields or as servants.
• Lifetime of bondage that was carried on for
  generations.
• Slaves kept African traditions alive music
  stories
• Resistance and rebellion

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Consequences in Africa

• African cultures lost their fittest, best people.
• African families were separated.
• Introduction of guns.

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Consequences in the Americas

• Led to growth of the colonies
• Economic
• Cultural
• Led to economic and social divisions ? Civil War
• Intermarriage and mixed race populations

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• Amistad (skip 602 to 702)
• As you watch the clip, look for examples of
• Triangle Trade
• Impact on African societies
• Conditions aboard the ships in the Middle Passage
• Evidence of slaves rebellion
• Interests of the slave traders
• Interests of the buyers where was this ship
  headed?