Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi

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Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi
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Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain

• Movement of product from one location to another
  as its way from the beginning of a supply chain
  to the customer.
• USA, 2002, 10 percent GDP (4th-housing, health
  care, food), 20 million people, 16 total
  occupational employment.

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Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain

• Indonesia Rp. 1,402 Triliun 26 PDB, Carrying
  cost 421 T, transportation cost 841 T,
  administration cost 140 T
• 17 total biaya produksi (Malaysia 8, Philipina
  7, Singapura 6)
• Peringkat ke-47 (2007), peringkat ke-75 (2010)

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Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain

• Penyebab mahalnya biaya logistik
• Buruknya infrastruktur dan sistem transportasi
  (antrian panjang truk di pelabuhan Merak)
• Regulasi yang terlalu banyak mengatur retribusi
  dan pungutan liar
• Panjangnya mata rantai distribusi, mis kontainer
  tujuan Eropa lewat Singapura atau Malaysia dulu.

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Contoh Good Transportation

• Dell
• Wal-Mart
• IKEA (180 store in 23 country)
• Seven-Eleven Japan
• Amazon

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Mode Transportation

• Air
• Package carriers
• Truk
• Rail
• Water
• Pipeline
• Intermodal

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AIR

• Very fast expensive mode
• Smal, high-value items, time-sensitive, emergecy
  shipment, long distance

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Package carriers

• FedEx, UPS, US Postal Service
• Letter until about 150 lbs
• Used air, truck, rail, small truck making milk
  runs
• Time-critical smaller package
• Very expensive price for large shipments

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Truck

• In 2002, trucks 64 commercial freight value, and
  58 by weight
• TL LTL
• More expensive than rail, door-to-door shipment,
  shoter delivery time.
• No transfer between pickup and delivery

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Truck

• TL relative low fixed costs
• LTL, small lots, less than half TL
• Cheaper for large shipment

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Rail

• In 2002, about 4 by value, 12 by weighf, and
  over 25 of total ton-miles
• Commodities over large distances
• Ideal mode for carying large, heavy, or
  heavy-density product over long distances,non
  time sensitive

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Water

• All kind of product Car, grain, apparel...
• Cheapest mode of transport

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Pipeline

• Crude petroleum, refine petroleum, gas ...
• Best suited when relatively stable and large
  flows are required

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Intermodal

• Use more than one mode transportation to move a
  shipment to its destination
• Container are easy to transfer from one mode to
  another.

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TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

• Direct shipment network
• Direct shipment with milk runs
• All shipment via Central DC
• Tailored network

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Direct shipment

• Elimination of intermediate warehouses and its
  simplicity of operation and coordination.
• Lot size are close to TL

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Direct shipping with milk runs

• Multiple location on single truck
• Better utilization of the truck and somewhat
  lower costs
• Toyota uses milk runs to support JIT
• In Japan, single supplier to many assembly plants
  located close together.
• In US from many supplier to each assembly plant

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All shipment via Central DC

• Two roles, store inventory and serve as a
  transfer location
• The buyer divided into geographic region, DC
  build for each region.
• When supplier far from buyer locations and
  transportation cost are high
• Economic of scale for inbound transportation to
  point close to the final destination

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All shipment via Central DC

• Cross-docking Wal Mart
• Large and predicable demand
• Shipping via DC using milk runs

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Trade-offs design

• Transportation and inventory cost
• Transportation and customer responsiveness

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Tailored transportation by customer density and
distance
Short Distance Medium Distance Long distance
High density Privat fleet with milk runs Cross docking with milk runs Cross docking with milk runs
Medium density Third-party milk runs LTL carrier LTL or package carrier
Low density Third-party milk runs or LTL carier LTL or package carrier Package carrier
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Tailored transportation by Size of Customer

• When using milk runs, make mix visiting
• (L,M1,S1),(L,M2,S2),(L,M1,S3),
• (L,M2,S1), (L,M1,S2), (L,M2,S3)
• L Customer Large demand
• M1,2 Customer Medium demand
• S1,2,3 Customer Small demand

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Summary

• Understand the role of transportation within a
  supply chain
• Evaluate the strenghts and weaknesses of
  different modes of transportation
• Identify the relative strengths and weakness of
  various transportation network design options
• Identify trade-offs that shippers need to
  consider when designing a transportation network

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Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi

• Kemampuan untuk mengirimkan produk ke pelanggan
  secara tepat waktu, dalam jumlah yang sesuai dan
  dalam kondisi yang baik serta pelayanan purnajual
  yang memuaskan, akan menentukan apakah produk
  tersebut pada akhirnya akan kompetitif di pasar
• Manfaatkan teknologi dan inovasi.

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Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi

• Jaringan distribusi tidak lagi dipandang hanya
  sebagai serangkaian fasilitas yang mengerjakan
  fungsi-fungsi fisik seperti pengangkutan dan
  penyimpanan, tetapi merupakan bagian integral
  dari kegiatan supply chain secara holistik dan
  memiliki peran strategis sebagai titik penyalur
  produk maupun informasi dan juga sebagai wahana
  untuk menciptakan nilai tambah.

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Fungsi dasar Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi

• Melakukan segmentasi dan menentukan target
  service level.
• Menentukan mode transportasi yang akan digunakan
• Melakukan konsolidasi informasi dan pengiriman
• Melakukan penjadwalan dan penentuan rute
  pengiriman
• Memberikan pelayanan nilai tambah
• Menyimpan persediaan
• Menangani pengembalian (retur)

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Mode Transportasi

• Dalam manajemen transportasi biasanya dibedakan
  antara pihak yang memiliki barang (shipper) dan
  pihak yang melakukan pengiriman (carrier).
• Biaya yang perlu dipertimbangkan bagi carrier
  biaya alat transportasi, operasional tetap ( sewa
  bandara, pelabuhan ..), biaya operasional
  variabel ( biaya bahan bakar.. ), biaya overhead.
  Hal lain yang perlu dipertimbangkan adalah
  kecepatan pengiriman, volume, dan fleksibilitas
  pengiriman.
• Dari sisi shipper, pertimbangannya bisa
  didasarkan pada berbagai biaya yang timbul pada
  supply chain, biaya transportasi, biaya
  persediaan, biaya loading-unloading, biaya
  fasilitas (gudang). Hal lain yang perlu
  dipertimbangkan, tingkat pelayanan.

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Mode transportasi
Mode Truk Kereta Kapal Pswt Paket
Volume sedang sgt bnyk sgt bnyk banyak sgt sdkt
Fleks waktu tinggi rendah rendah rendah tinggi
Fleks rute tinggi sgt rendah sgt rendah sgt rendah sgt tinggi
Kecepatan sedang sedang rendah sgt tinggi tinggi
Biaya kirim sedang rendah rendah tinggi sgt tinggi
Inv. (intransit) sedikit banyak sgt bnyk rendah sgt rendah
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Penentuan Rute dan Jadwal Pengiriman

• Metoda saving matrix meminimumkan jarak atau
  waktu, atau biaya.
• Langkah
• 1. Mengidentifikasi matrix jarak
• 2. Mengidentifikasi matrix penghematan
• 3. Mengalokasikan toko ke kendr/route
• 4. Mengurutkan toko ke route

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Contoh saving matrix
Tk.Tujuan Koord X Koor Y Vol Order
1 10 8 320
2 -3 10 85
3 16 -8 300
4 10 2 150
5 9 1 200
6 4 5 120
7 10 12 180
8 2 6 230
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Contoh saving matrix

• Step1 Mengidentifikasi matrix jarak
• Hitung jarak dari gudang ke toko
• dan jarak antar toko
• J(1,2) v((x1-x2)2(y1-y2)2)

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Contoh saving matrix

• Step2 Mengidentifikasi matrix
  penghematan
• S(x,y) J(G,x)J(G,y)-J(x,y)

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Matrix penghematan
gudang
gudang
Toko 1
Toko 1
Toko 2
Toko 2
Perubahan yang terjadi dengan mengkonsulidasikan
toko 1 dan toko 2 Ke dalam satu rute
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Contoh saving matrix

• Step3 Mengalokasikan toko ke kendaraan/route
• Pilih penghematan terbesar, gabungkan route
  tersebut, ulangi sampai kapasitas truk penuh atau
  mendekati penuh
• Hasil Route 1 toko 1, toko 6, toko 7
• Route 2 toko 2, toko 8
• Route 3 toko 2, toko 4, toko 5

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Contoh saving matrix

• Step4 Mengurutkan toko ke route terdefinisi
• Metode nearest insert
• Metode nearest neighbor

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Mengurutkan tujuan dalam rute

• Metode nearest insert
• G-1-G 26
• G-6-G 12
• G-7-G 32
• ----------------
• G-6-1-G 25.4
• G-6-7-G 30.8

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Mengurutkan tujuan dalam rute

• Metode nearest nearest neighbor
• G-1
• G-6 6.4 yang paling dekat dg gd
• G-7
• ----------------
• 6-1 6.7 yang paling dekat dg 6
• 6-7

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Crossdocking
Vendor 2
Vendor 1
Vendor 3
Crossdocking
Toko 3
Toko 1
Toko 2