Chapter Notes 12-1 (N. Africa)

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• Chapter Notes 12-1 (N. Africa)
• I. Egypt deserts cover the land and people
  live within 20 miles of the Nile R. (flow
  controlled by Aswan Dam)
• Egypts main energy source is oil and phosphates.
• Poverty and pollution are problems in Cairo and
  Alexandria.
• Egypt was a republic with one political party.
• The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean and Red
  Sea.
• II. Libya - 90 of it is covered by the Sahara
  Desert. (aquifers)
• Oil has brought great wealth and money is used
  for infrastructure.
• Almost all of the people are mixed Arab and
  Berber.
• Once rule by a dictatorship, Muammar al-Qaddafi,
  now democratic.

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• III. The Maghreb - region made up of Arab and
  Berber.
• Tunisia is N. Africas smallest country and most
  live in coastal areas.
• Algeria is N. Africas largest country. It gained
  independence from France and is a republic.
• Morocco is a constitutional monarchy and a leader
  in phosphates.

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• Chapter Notes 12-2 (SW Asia) Eastern
  Mediterranean
• I. Turkey - it bridges the continents of Asia
  and Europe.
• It has the largest population in SW Asia. (70
  urban)
• The largest city, Istanbul is located in 2
  continents.
• It was once the Heart of the Ottoman Empire.
• The Kurds have demanded their own independent
  state (country).
• II. Syria - The land consists of fertile coastal
  plains and valleys.
• Most live in rural areas and grow cotton and
  wheat.
• Damascus (capital) was founded 4,000 years ago as
  a trading center.
• III. Lebanon - is half the size of New Jersey.
• Most people live and work in the capital, Beirut.
• Fighting between Muslims and Christians has
  destroyed the country.

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• IV. Jordan - lacks both water and energy
  resources.
• A. Most work in service/manufacturing industries
  in Amman. (capital)
• B. Most of the people are Arab Muslims.
• It has a constitutional monarchy led by King
  Hussein I.
• V. Israel became a Jewish Republic in 1948.
• It has a developed economy that produces
  high-tech equipment.
• Israelis live in farm settlements called kibbutz
  and moshav.
• 80 are Jewish and the other 20 are Palestinians
  (Muslims).
• There are serious disputes between Israel and
  Palestinian Arabs.

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• 12-2 Chapter Notes (The Arabian Peninsula)
• I. Saudi Arabia - largest country in SW Asia w/
  no permanent water.
• It has 25 of the worlds oil giving them a high
  standard of living.
• Riyadh (capital) and Mecca (Islams holiest
  city). Country ruled by a monarchy. (Saud)
• Persian Gulf Countries Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar,
  and the UAE. (all export oil)
• 12-2 Chapter Notes (Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan)
• I. Iraq - has 2 major rivers the Tigris and
  Euphrates (alluvial plain).
• Muslim Arabs (Shia/Sunni) make up the largest
  group and the Kurds, want to form their own
  country.
• Saddam Hussein was the last dictator to be
  overthrown by the U.S.

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• II. Iran - is an oil-rich nation that has
  limited water supplies
• Most Iranians are not Arabs, but Persians.
• Its ruled by a Islamic republic that forbids many
  western customs.
• III. Afghanistan - is a mountainous, landlocked
  country
• A. Khyber Pass is a major trade route through
  the Hindu Kush Mts.
• It is made up of many ethnic groups Pashtuns and
  Tajiks (main)
• In October 2001, the U.S. invaded and overthrew
  the terrorist-supporting Taliban government.