M. Gams

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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2 KOGNITIVNA ZNANOST 2

• M. Gams
• Institut Jožef Stefan

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FIRST ANALYSIS

• Easy Hard question
• - Easy how to make AI?
• - Hard to explain consciousness, why and how it
  appeared ...
• Achievements in the computer age?
• robots (work, walk )engineering
  intelligence (chess, applications)runterstanding
  (Turing test)

Fast technol. progress, slow cognitive
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Artificial intelligence how to make computers
intelligent, Cognitive science - human-like
computers
 
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Moores law
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Brain capacity

• 500 generations Europe
• 5000 generations pra-Eva
• Die-out

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Speed of progress
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Where is the smart computer?
Unknown barrier
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PARADOXES

• Empirical lack of true human-level AI
• Slomans paradox Einsteins book
• Searls paradox Chinese room
• Chalmers zombie consciousnessThe notion of a
  philosophical zombie is used mainly in thought
  experiments intended to support arguments (often
  called "zombie arguments") against forms of
  physicalism such as materialism, behaviorism and
  functionalism. Physicalism is the idea that all
  aspects of human nature can be explained by
  physical means specifically, all aspects of
  human nature and perception can be explained from
  a neurobiological standpoint.

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Roger Penrose

• Oxford, crne luknje, Hawkings
• Controversial books on the connection between
  fundamental physics and human consciousness. In
  The Emperor's New Mind (1989), he argues that
  known laws of physics are inadequate to explain
  the phenomenon of human consciousness. Penrose
  hints at the characteristics this new physics may
  have and specifies the requirements for a bridge
  between classical and quantum mechanics (what he
  terms correct quantum gravity, CQG). He claims
  that the present computer is unable to have
  intelligence because it is a deterministic system
  that for the most part simply executes
  algorithms, as a billiard table where billiard
  balls act as message carriers and their
  interactions act as logical decisions. He argues
  against the viewpoint that the rational processes
  of the human mind are completely algorithmic and
  can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex
  computer -- this is in contrast to views, e.g.,
  biological naturalism, that human behavior but
  not consciousness might be simulated. This is
  based on claims that human consciousness
  transcends formal logic systems because things
  such as the insolubility of the halting problem
  and Gödel's incompleteness theorem restrict an
  algorithmically based logic from traits such as
  mathematical insight.

 
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Roger Penrose
In 1994, Penrose followed up The Emperor's New
Mind with Shadows of the Mind and in 1997 with
The Large, the Small and the Human Mind, further
updating and expanding his theories. Penrose's
views on the human thought process are not widely
accepted in scientific circles. According to
Marvin Minsky, because people can construe false
ideas to be factual, the process of thinking is
not limited to formal logic. Furthermore, he says
that artificial intelligence (AI) programs can
also conclude that false statements are true, so
error is not unique to humans. Penrose and Stuart
Hameroff have speculated that human consciousness
is the result of quantum gravity effects in
microtubules.
 
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Quantum physics

• interpretation of the Schrëdinger equation
• - classical or Copenhagen or the GRW
  interpretation
• - Bohm's interpretation
• - multiple-worlds interpretation.

 
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Quantum computing

• Deutch
• Theory well defined, practical prototypes
• In principle not more powerful than Turing
  machines
• Can perform differently

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Supercomputing
Turing machine with oracle TuringSpecific
quantum computing KomarTrial-and-error
PutnamExtended Turing machines with real
numbers AbramsonMcCulloch-Pitts neurons
growing - Karp and Lipton Analog non
simulatable - Rubel, KononenkoMultiple
computing - Gams Interaction machines
WegnerCoupled TM open input - Copeland,
SylvanPartially random machines truly
random Copeland, Turing
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ZEUS MACHINE
Zeus machine - Boolos and Jeffrey 1974 infinite
computing, each step is computed faster and
faster Example computing/going from A to B,
first half in 1sec, next quarter in ¼ end in 2
sec thus computing infinite numbers The Supermind
book, subtitled People harness hypercomputation
and more, authored by Selmer Bringsjord and
Michael Zenzen, aggressively attacks the
strong-AI viewpoint that human thinking processes
are computationally as strong as computers
Bringsjord, S. and Zenzen, M. J. (2003),
Superminds, Kluwer.
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• Predstavitev osnovne teze principa
  mnogoterosti (1985-2001)

•  M. Gams Weak intelligence Through the
  principle and paradox of multiple knowledge,
  Advances in computation Theory and practice,
  Volume 6, Nova science publishers, inc., NY, ISBN
  1-56072-898-1, pp. 245, 2001.
• Najboljše rezultate je možno dosegati le ob
  uporabi mnogoterih modelov (kiberneticno).
• Miselni procesi so mnogoteri. Povecana
  racunska/miselna sposobnost prihaja iz mnogoterih
  procesov, ki interaktirajo med seboj (teoreticno,
  inteligentno). V principu je ta racunski
  mehanizem mocnejši kot univerzalni digitalni
  racunalnik oz. Turingov stroj.

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• Potrditve osnovne teze

1. Formalni/matematicni (od 2 do 10 samostojnih
   modelov) ob predpostavkah realnega sveta
   pricakovani boljši rezultati smiselno
   kombiniranje-integriranje ob razumnih
   predpostavkah (bolje kot 50)
2. Simulacije modelov z razlicnimi metodami in
   parametri kažejo podobno
3. Teoreticne analize (Turingovi stroji)
4. Študij ljudi (mnogoterosti možganov sedaj in v
   preteklosti skupine ljudi)
5. Empiricne meritve sistemov
6. Podobnost s fiziko (Heisenberg, teorija vecih
   svetov)

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• Average-case analyses

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• Predstavitev osnovne teze principa
  mnogoterosti (1985-2001)Turingov stroj

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• Predstavitev osnovne teze principa
  mnogoterosti (1985-2001) Wegner 1997
  interakcija mocnejša

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Ljudje

• Delamo najbolje v skupinah (vec glav vec ve
  slabo prevec kuharjev, slaba juha)
• Clovek racunalnik bolje kot samo clovek ali
  samo racunalnik
• Študij možganov dve hemisferi razvoj cloveških
  možganov cedalje bolj mnogoteri, študij opic
• Študij možganov corpus calosum, split-brain
  research, moški-ženski, dve hemisferi izrazito
  mnogoteri
• Potrjujejo tezo o principu mnogoterosti pri ljudeh

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Empiricne potrditve - kibernetika, umetna
inteligenca, strojno ucenje

• - boljša klasifikacijska tocnost - empiricno na
  tisoce meritev-potrditev- možno je preveriti
  model na konkretni aplikaciji s prilagoditvijo
  parametrov modela- vec podobnih ugotovitev na
  specificnih podrocjih (statistika, prepoznavanje
  vzorcev )- omogocena ocena algoritmov vnaprej-
  omogocena analiza delovanja algoritmov
  (intuitivno in formalisticno)- omogoceno
  snovanje boljših algoritmov

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Multiple-worlds /quantum computing

• Travel in space (back, forward, but one life)
• How many universes, where?- physical (more
  dimensions)- mental- potential in future
• Quantum computing drugacno racunanje,
  primitivni prototipi /40

 
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1. Analogija s fiziko paradoksi, dograditev
   znanstvenih teorij
2. Kvantna fizika, teorija vecih svetov, najbolj
   široka izmed interpretacij (premocna, kje je
   neskoncno svetov v glavi, mentalno, ali
   fizicno, potovanja v casu??), resna znanstvena
   teorija, dr. Pavšic
3. Ali niso te teorije prevec sofisticirane? Tako
   fizikalne, kvantne kot mentalne? Recimo kje v
   glavi je neskoncno svetov, kje je veliko
   osebnosti (miselnih procesov), zakaj internet ni
   inteligenten?, zakaj agenti niso inteligentni?,
   ali znamo narediti mnogotere inteligentne
   racunalnike?
4. Precej odprtih vprašanj, nejasnosti, vendar
   znanstvene teorije držijo - primerjajmo z drugimi
   principi.

• Heisenbergov princip, teorija vecih svetov

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• Posledice osnovne teze

• Podobno kot Heisenbergov princip locimo med
  sedanjimi in pravimi inteligentnimi sistemi.
• Šibka inteligenca Zakaj racunalniki ne bodo
  nikoli mislili (razen ce ne bodo drugace
  narejeni)?(namesto enega racunalnika skoraj
  zadošca internet)
• Za doseganje dobrih rezultatov nujne mnogotere
  metode
• Paradoks mnogoterega znanja vec modelov
  en model? staticno - dinamicno

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• Weak intelligence through the principle and
  paradox of multiple knowledge

PREFACE 1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1.1 Artificial
Intelligence Directions 1.2 History of Artificial
Intelligence 1.3 Where's the AI? 1.4
Storage/Memory vs. Processing/Thinking 1.5
Problems with Formalistic AI 1.6 Strong-AI
Super-Projects 2 TRENDS OF COMPUTER PROGRESS 3
THE BRAIN 4 STRONG VERSUS WEAK AI 4.1
Description 4.2 Sloman's Engineering Gradation of
Strong-Weak AI 5 FUNDAMENTALS OF AI, COMPUTER
SCIENCE AND SCIENCE IN GENERAL 5.1 Alan Turing
5.2 The Turing Test 5.3 Turing Machine and
Church-Turing Thesis 5.4 Church-Turing
Thesis and Turing Machines 5.5 Goedel's Theorem
and the Halting Problem 5.6 Penrose's Analyses of
Goedel's Theorem 5.7 Is Interaction Stronger than
Algorithms? 6 THE PRINCIPLE AND PARADOX OF
MULTIPLE KNOWLEDGE 6.1 Basic Definitions 6.2 The
Principle of Multiple Knowledge 6.3 The Paradox
of Multiple Knowledge 7 CONFIRMATIONS OF THE
PRINCIPLE 7.1 Multiple Knowledge in Empirical
Learning 7.2 Simulated Multiple Models 7.3 Formal
Worst-Case Analyses 7.4 Formal Average-Case
Improvements 7.5 Fitting the Model to Real-Life
Applications 7.6 Human Multiple Reasoning 7.7
Cognitive Sciences and Common Sense
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• Weak intelligence through the principle and
  paradox of multiple knowledge

8 CONSEQUENCES 8.1 Occam's Razor Vs. Multiple
Knowledge 8.2 Bayes' Classifier And Multiple
Knowledge 8.3 Properties of Knowledge 9
MANY-WORLDS THEORY AND QUANTUM COMPUTING 9.1
Paradoxes of Modern Physics 9.2 Interpretations
of Quantum Physics 9.3 The Many-Worlds Theory 9.4
Objections to the Many-Worlds Interpretation 9.4
Quantum Computing 9.5 From Many Worlds to the
Principle of Multiple Knowledge 10 STRONG AI
FIGHTS BACK 11 CONCLUSION
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• Posledice

1. Povecano razumevanje podrocja inteligence in
   zavesti, intenziviranje raziskav v smeri umetne
   inteligence, bistveno povecane možnosti novih
   odkritij
2. Popravki obstojecih osnovnih teorij Occamovega
   rezila, Church-Turingove teze, Turingovega stroja
3. Princip mnogoterosti je osnovni znanstveni
   princip