DISCOVERING THE NATURE OF THE DARK MATTER

1
DISCOVERING THE NATURE OF THE DARK MATTER

• Vu Huy Toan
• - Vietnam Academy of science and technology
• - Construction Machinery and Industrial Works
  CONINCO Joint Stock Company (CONINCO-MI)
• No.4 Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam.
• Email vuhuytoan_at_conincomi.vn

2
CONTENTS

• I - INTRODUCTION
• 1- What is the dark matter?
• 2- The accepted postulates
• 3- The total energy of physical objects in the
  potential force field
• II - NATURE OF THE DARK MATTER
• 1- What is the photon?
• 2- Photon is the reason for the fast rotary of a
  galaxy
• III - CONCLUSIONS
• V - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

3
I- INTRODUCTION
4
I-1. WHAT IS THE DARK MATTER?

• When observing the movement of the stars in the
  galaxy, Mr. Jan Oort 1 discovered that the
  stars are far from the centre of galaxy do not
  rotate slowdown as the calculation of Newtons
  mechanics but nearly do not change, and this
  phenomenon is observed in all galaxies. See the
  Fig. 1 and Fig. 2

B -
B The observation
Rotary speed
A -
A - The calculation without dark matter
Distance
Figure 1
Figure 2
5
I-1. WHAT IS THE DARK MATTER?
Figure 3. Some body assume that galaxies Abell
222 and Abell 223 are connected by the dark
matter fibre. However, it is wrong!
In own report, the author would like to proof
that the existance of the abnormal rotate of
galaxies are not caused by any dark matter but
only the visible matter in the universe, it is
just photons.
6
I-2. THE ACCEPTED POSTULATES

• Postulate 1 All physical objects
  interdependently exist.
• Until now, the physics only consider every thing
  according to the opposite concept that "existence
  itself" accordingly, allowing the existence of a
  physical object (PO) isolating completely, unique
  in the universe, with mass m and then from there
  to consider its movement under action of a force
  by the laws of dynamics.

F ma
m isolated body
Y
IT IS WRONG
Figure 7.
Free space
X
0
Z
7
I-2. THE ACCEPTED POSTULATIONS

• The interdependent existence is shown for 3
  aspects

Thus, it can be said that the universe "within
every PO" is not wrong and that is also true for
any other object and for this reason, they are
interdependent. Both the two the body and
field parts related to each other dialectical
The more the energy of this part increases, the
more the energy of other one reduces and vice
versa

• 1a. Aspect of a form
• Formally, every PO consists of 2 parts - A
  body part with the limited size (r) which we
  can see and
• The field part with the unlimited size (R ? 8)
  which we cannot see.

Field
Field
Field
R
Body
8
r
Field
Field
Figure 8.
Physical object Body Field
8
I-2. THE ACCEPTED POSTULATES
1b. Aspect of the content Interaction

• Every PO can mutual interact with other PO it
  is simple because You are in me and I am also in
  you.
• This interdependent existence has the internal
  cause, it is the interaction

M2
M1
M3
M4
Interaction of Physical object
Figure 9.
9
I-2. THE ACCEPTED POSTULATES

• 1c. Aspect of a manifestation mode
• Both the above form and contents lead to a most
  common manifestation mode for every PO that, by
  our subjective awareness, we call a mass with
  two types
• - Gravitational mass (we will symbol by Mi)
  characterize for an interaction ability of each
  PO and
• - Inertial mass (we will symbol by mik)
  characterize for an inertia of movement of a PO
  having a gravitational mass Mi in a potential
  force field of other PO having the gravitational
  mass Mk.
• For example, if we only pay attention to two PO
  with the gravitational masses M1 and M2, their
  inertial mass m concerns to that gravitational
  mass as per the formula which have been proofed
  by the author in the book The New way For
  Physics 3

10
I-2. THE ACCEPTED POSTULATES

• In here, F12 and F21 are the gravitational
  forces of M1 and M2 acting on each other
  correspondingly a12 and a21 are the relative
  movement accelerations of M2 and M1 with respect
  to each other correspondingly. Shortly

(1)
11
I-2. THE ACCEPTED POSTULATES

• From (1), we can see clearly that the
  interdependent existence has been shown how to
  quantity Only one of two gravitational masses
  equals zero and that PO is considered as the
  isolation, i.e, the inertial mass is also equals
  zero. Or in the other words, when one PO moves
  without interaction with other PO, its inertial
  mass will be zero (m 0).

There is a truth Non-Interaction Non-Inertia
Y
Potential force filed
Free space
M1
M2
0.
m
m 0
a F/m 8
M1
M2
0
X
Z
Figure 10. The interdependent existence
12
I-2. THE ACCEPTED POSTULATES

• Postulate 2 The fundamental particles
• The fundamental particles are the particles
  cannot be broken further into anything other, so
  all physical objects are composed of them. The
  author assumed a following postulate
• Electron and positron are two fundamental
  particles they have only electric interaction
  rather than gravitational interaction.

13
I-3. THE TOTAL ENERGY PHYSICAL OBJECT IN THE
POTENTIAL FORCE FIELD

• As we know, total energy of a body is
  determined by Einstein as per the famous
  expression 3
• (2)
• However, people have forgot the important detail
  the expression (2), is not total energy of the
  PO, because it only consists of kinetic and
  internal energies, in which it does not
  completely contain a potential energy.

14
I-3. THE TOTAL ENERGY PHYSICAL OBJECT IN THE
POTENTIAL FORCE FIELD

• In the book The New Way for Physics 3, the
  author has proofed an expression of total energy
  of the PO corresponding to a most characteristic
  state a freely falling state, or resting in a
  force field
• (3)
• where Uk the critical potential energy of the
  PO in the force field, i.e, the biggest potential
  energy that one PO can have in that force field,
  still maintain its structure exceeding this
  value, the body part of the PO will be crushed
  by the force field. Also starting from that
  critical condition, the formula (3) can be
  written in the more simple form
• (4)
• Compare (4) with the formula (2) received by
  Einstein for a body freely moved, we see that
  when calculating to potential energy in a force
  field, its total energy is bigger than twice.

15
I-3. THE TOTAL ENERGY PHYSICAL OBJECT IN THE
POTENTIAL FORCE FIELD

• On the other hand, according to the postulate
  1a, photon must have its field part far ? 8
  so, according to the postulate 1b, it must have
  an interaction with other PO in this field,
  this interaction can be only the gravitational.
  In other words, photon have the gravitational
  interaction as any other PO that we know. While,
  according to the postulate 1c, it must have
  gravitational mass Mph and inertial mass mph in
  gravitational field. We can approximately
  determine this minimum gravitational mass of
  photon based on the total energy of electron and
  positron to create it as per the expression (4)
• As per (4), we can write for photon
• From here, we can calculate the inertial mass of
  photon when balancing (5) and (6)

(5)
(6)
(kg)
(7)
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II- NATURE OF THE DARK MATTER
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II-1. WHAT IS THE PHOTON?

• In the "Photon structure" Report published in the
  Proceedings Advances in Optics, Photonics,
  Spectroscopy Applications VI, 2011 4, the
  author showed that there are some experiments,
  for example, phenomena of photon decay and photon
  emission, evidences us the structure of photon,
  including two fundamental particles electron and
  positron these particles in some way, the
  combination of two particles with opposite charge
  may result in the electric neutralization from a
  certain distance, like atom, molecule.

F 0
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II-1. WHAT IS THE PHOTON?
In the near distance, this photon creates
electromagnetic field with the vector of
electric-field intensity E and magnetic-field
intensity H putting as per the description of the
Maxwell equations.
Photon is the particle which have the structure
from electron and positron both turning around
the center of the common inertia and moving with
the light speed c (see Fig. 4a)
At the limited distance RT far from the movement
axis X, photon do not interact with other
electric charges and from the distance R RT, it
does not have the inertial mass in the
electromagnetic field, i.e, its inertial mass
must be zero.
Figure 4. Motion of a photon created the
electromagnetic wave.
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• Up to now, the modern physics still assume that
  photon do not have the rest mass, its relative
  mass is too small and calculated as per the
  formula of Einstein
• where h 6,63x10-34 Js Planck constant c
  3x108 m/s the speed of light in the vacuum v
  frequency of photon. They estimate that there are
  about 500 microwave photons in each cm3 in the
  space among galaxies or N 5x108 photon/m3 8.
  While, the density of photon as per the mass is
  only by

(8)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• If the frequency of microwave photon is average
  about 1010 Hz, in each m3 have 4x1032 kg
  photons. While, the average matter density of
  universe is 1027kg/m3 8, ie, is bigger than
  thousand times. May be because of that reason,
  photons have been ignored?
• However, if we draw mph from (7) and place it
  into (9) with the numerical value we obtain a
  density of photons ?p0 1022 kg, that means, it
  is bigger than the matter density of thousand
  times.

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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• We will evaluate concretely Assuming that the
  matter distribution in the galaxy with the simple
  form is the black hole in the center with the
  mass of M0, the stars and interstellar dust with
  the density ?s const up to the radius Rs (see
  the Fig. 3).

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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY
Z
Rs
Ri
M0
Y
Ri1
r
X
Figure 5. The model of matter distribution in a
galaxy
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• In the fig. 6, the density distribution of matter
  and photons in galaxy is demonstrated.

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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• While, the gravitational mass of the matter
  quantity contain in the globe with the radius r lt
  Rs will be
• From this radius (R gt Rs), assuming that the
  matter density reduce as per the formula
• where a any constant.

(9)
(10)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• Simply, we can divide the galaxy into the globe
  thin-layers with the thickness of (Ri1 Ri) and
  assuming that the matter density in the scope of
  each thin-layer ?si1 const, so we can
  calculate the matter mass contain in each
  thin-layer as per the normal way but cannot to
  use a complex integral
• Thus, the total mass in the globe with the radius
  R gt Rs will be

(11)
(12)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• On the other hand, we also assume that the
  density of photon ?ps const in the radius Rs,
  and outside this radius it also reduce as per the
  exponential function rule as per the distance to
  the center of galaxy from the value ?ps 2x1022
  kg/m3 as above mentioned
• where
• with is the density of photons in the
  space among galaxies b constant.

(13)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• In the scope of galaxy (ltRs) where the stars and
  interstellar dust concentrate essentially, photon
  density is higher in comparison with its density
  in the space among galaxies because photons
  always produced from the stars and reduce their
  density as per the distance. While, similar to
  the matter form as above mentioned, we also have
  the gravitational mass of photon contain the
  globe with the r lt Rs
• I

(14)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• In the scope of outside radius Rs, we also do
  similar to the type of other matter and so the
  mass of photon in the globe with the radius R
  will be
• While, we can calculate the total matter quantity
  of matter and photons in the globe with the
  radius R as well as centripetal force due to that
  total quantity effects to a star with the mass M.

(15)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• a) In a distance r lt Rs
• - From (9) and (14), we have the total mass Mr?
  
• From a balance condition between centripetal and
  centrifugal forces, we take out a rotary speed Vr
  of the star in the radius r

(16)
(17)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• b) At Rs
• - From (4) and (10), we have the total mass Ms?
  
• - From a balance condition between centripetal
  and centrifugal forces, we take out a rotary
  speed Vs of star in the radius Rs

(18)
(19)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• c) In a distance R gt Rs
• - From (7) and (11), we have the total mass Ms?
  
• And the rotary speed
• The calculation of rotary speed of galaxy is
  realized by Excel program on a computer for the
  cases which count not mass of photons (VA) out
  and count that mass but with a different density
  distribution level of matter and photons, we have
  VB corresponded to the case when a 3 b 0,038
  and VC corresponded to the case when a 1,5  b
  0,02 while all other parameters are the same.

(20)
(21)
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II.2 - PHOTON IS THE REASON FOR THE FAST ROTARY
OF A GALAXY

• I one case, We have Vb (correspondence to the
  case when a 7 b 0,05) and in other case, it
  is Vc (correspondence to the case when a 1,5 
  b 0,035) while the other dimensions are the
  same.

From here, we know that the calculation of
gravitational mass of photon as per this new way
is completely suitable to the observation result
of astronomy The shape of Vb is coincided with
the shape of B on the Fig. 1a, the shape of Vc
coincided with the shape of B on the Fig. 1b.
Figue 1a
Figue 1b
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CONCLUSIONS
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IV - CONCLUSIONS

• 1- It is necessary to accept the postulates
• - Every physical object interdependently exist
  and that existence is shown through the form
  body field, the content interaction and the
  dynamic characteristics mass with two different
  types, but it has the causality relation
  together gravitational mass (M), or
  interaction mass, and inertial mass (m).
• - Electron and positron are the fundamental
  particles and only appear in the electric
  interaction but without the gravitational
  interaction

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IV - CONCLUSIONS

• 2- It is clear that, the so-called dark matter
  has been shown ones face It is just the photons
  flooding in the Universe made the galaxies
  rotating much more extraordinarily with the
  different modes depend to the distribution
  characteristic of matter as well as photons in
  that galaxies.

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V - ACKNOWLEDGMENT

• The author is grateful to Professor Nguyen Dai
  Hung, Director of Institute of Physics (Academy
  of Sciences and Technology of Vietnam) for his
  highly valuable assistance and honest
  encouragement to finish this work.

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REFERENCES

• 1 Goddard universe flight center (NASA). Hidden
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• http//imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/galaxie
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• http//www.khoahoc.com.vn/khampha/vu-tru/40433_Pha
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• 3 Vu Huy Toàn. Con du?ng m?i c?a v?t lý h?c.
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• 4 Vu Huy Toan. Structure of photon.
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  Spectroscopy Applications VI, 2011.
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• 6 ??????? ?.?. ???????? ?????????. ??????.
  ?????. 1990.

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Thank you for your attention!