Title: Fighting Diseases
1Fighting Diseases
2Causes of Disease
- many diseases are caused by microorganisms,
called pathogens - they enter the body (called an antigen) and
either damage tissues or produce substances that
toxic to the body - the body combats disease through the immune system
3The Immune-System Response
- the human body have many defenses against
infection - They are categorized into THREE lines of defense
- External (integumentary system)
- Non-specific (Innate) Immunity
- Specific Immunity
41st Line of Defense Integumentary System
- the first line of defense is an external or
physical barrier - the human skin, if unbroken, forms an almost
impenetrable barrier against microorganisms - cells in the nasal passages and pharynx secrete
sticky mucus that traps microorganisms and
digestive enzymes in the mucus can destroy most
microorganisms
52nd Line of Defense Non-specific (Innate)
Immunity
- if invaders get pass the 1st line of defense and
enters the body, the 2nd line of defense, a
complex network of organs, works to get rid of
the infection
Lymphatic system
62nd Line of Defense The Lymphatic System
- white blood cells (called leukocytes) seek out
and destroy invaders and are produced in the
lymph nodes - Three types of defending leukocytes
- Macrophages (big eaters, pus) engulf antigens
- Neutrophils - engulf antigens
- Natural killer (NK) cells kill invaded cells
7Macrophage Big Eater
- fishing for bacterial with long, sticky
cytoplasmic extensions
8Inflammatory Response
- Histamine release increases blood flow
- Increase capillary permeability
- Edema swelling, pressure on nerves pain
- Immune cells circulate better
- Elevated temperature fever, helps with attack
against pathogens
93rd Line of Defense Specific Immunity
- Lymphocytes (another class of leukocytes) can
recognize antigens and direct an immune response
T lymphocyte (helper T cell)
B lymphocytes (B cell)
antigen
103rd Line of Defense Specific Immunity
- B cells produce and display antibodies (Plasma
B cells), and some also become memory B cells - antibodies are protein molecules that protect the
body from invaders by attaching to the surface of
the invader which makes it more easily
identifiable to macrophages - antibodies are unique to each antigen form a
response against antigens, the surface of an
invader may have many different antigens
11- Helper T cells
- release cytokines that activate more B cells,
Killer T cells, and macrophages - Kill viruses with toxins
- After the infections is over
- - B cells and T cells die, except for memory B
cells
12T-Killer cells a.k.a. cytotoxic T cells
- Match the template with the viral antigen and
kill the virus with toxins also kill cancer
cells
13Active Immunity
- lasting protection against pathogens through the
production of antibodies - can be acquired naturally, when a person recovers
from an invaders and has produced antibodies
against it OR - artificially, by the injection of vaccines made
of dead or weaken invaders, or even isolated
antigens, the body will produce antibodies to
provide immunity towards the pathogen
14Prevention of Disease Summary
- Proper sterilization and/or cleaning of
instruments surfaces - disinfectants (chemical that kill microorganisms
on surfaces) E.g., bleach - Proper use of antiseptics (chemicals that can be
used on the skin) - e.g. mouthwash, antibacterial soap
- Proper use of antibacterial medication
- Vaccinations (dead form of pathogen)
- Natural human immune response
15Lets see this all in action
The Immune Response
- http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?i
sbn0072965819alaidala_1032810showSelfStudyTree
true
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vIWMJIMzsEMg
Why is it necessary to have so many different
types of cells in the immune system?
16Lets Act It Out!!!?