Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering

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Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering

• Selective Breeding- choosing what parents you
  want to produce offspring for the next
  generation.
• What do get when you cross a bull dog and a
  shitzu?
• Hybridization- Crossing dissimilar individuals to
  bring together the best of both organisms.
• Hybrid Vigor- phenomenon, offspring are better
  than the parents.

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• Inbreeding is the continued breeding of
  individuals with similar characteristics.
• Risky, because it could bring out the recessive
  alleles and cause a genetic defect. Blindness,
  joint problems

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Increase Variation

• Why would humans want to increase variations?
• Better the species
• Make the mutation occur faster
• More variety

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• http//www.techapps.net/interactives/pepperMoths.s
  wf

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Manipulating DNA

• Scientist change DNA by
• Extracting DNA from cells
• Cut into smaller pieces
• Identify the sequence of bases on the DNA
  molecule
• Make unlimitied copies of DNA

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DNA Extraction

• Cells are opened up and DNA is separated from
  other parts of the cell

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Cutting DNA

• DNA is cut into small fragments by restriction
  enzymes. (Cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide
  sequencevery precise)

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Separating DNA

• Gel Electrophoresis- DNA Fragments are placed in
  certain gel wells and an electric voltage is
  passed through them.
• DNA molecules move toward the opposite end of the
  gel.
• Smaller DNA fragments move faster through the gel.

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Using the DNA Sequence

• The DNA Sequence can be read, studied, or
  changed.
• Compare genes with other organisms.
• Recombinant DNA- produced by combining DNA from
  different sources.

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Making Copies

• In order to study genes, it helps to make copies.
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)- makes many
  copies of DNA through a process of heating and
  cooling using DNA polymerase.

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13.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Transgenic Organisms- organisms contain genes
  from other organisms.
• Example The enzyme (luciferase) from fire flies
  was transferred into a tobacco plant cell.
• What do you think happens?
• The plant glows at darkpage 331

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Why make transgenic organisms?

• Resist pests, herbicides, harsh conditions
• Improve nutritional value, shelf life
• Test and study
• Medical purposesinsulin, growth hormone,
  clotting factors
• Transgenic Animals can produce more milk, less
  fat, human proteins

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Cloning

• Cloning is producing genetically identical cells
  from a single cell.
• Bacteria is easy to clone (unicellular)
• What about multicellular organisms?
• Ian Wilmut cloned the first sheep. DOLLY.

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Cloning Process
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To Clone or Not to Clone?