The%20English%20Renaissance%201485-1625%20ET%20Style

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The English Renaissance 1485-1625ET Style
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The Renaissance in England

• Unlike the Italian city-states that experienced
  the blossoming of the Renaissance beginning in
  1350, England did not have the conditions to
  allow for the new development of art, literature,
  music, learning, and exploration for another 100
  years.

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So What Changed?

• England was involved in the Hundred Years War
  with France which took a political and financial
  toll.
• Next, the War of the Roses, which lasted
  approximately 25 years, was between two factions
  of Edward IIIs family for the throne after his
  death, the Yorks and the Lancasters.

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Richard III, a York, King of England

• Faces Henry Tudor, who claimed to be a Lancaster,
  at the Battle of Bosworth Field, August 22, 1485.
• Richard was on foot and surrounded by the enemy.
  In his play, Richard III, Shakespeare gives us
  this famous line A horse, a horse, my kingdom
  for a horse to describe the futility of Richard
  III before he is killed.

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The Decline of Feudalism

• The Black Plague struck England in 1348-49 and
  approximately 50 of the population died.
• It returned again in 1361-62 causing another loss
  of approximately 20 of the population.
• Eventually, the shortage of labor and higher
  wages ended serfdom, thus allowing for the
  beginnings of a merchant/middle class.

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The Rise of Nationalism

• Under feudalism, individuals owed allegiance to
  their lord.
• The wars took a tremendous toll on the vast
  estates owned by the nobles. Much of that wealth
  and lands became property of the crown.
• As the monarchy was strengthened, the king held
  more power and centralized the government.

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The Role of the Printing Press

• William Caxton set up his press near Westminster
  in London in 1476.
• Prior to the printing press, literature was
  passed around in handwritten manuscript form.
• Afterward, it was printed in the vernacular
  (local language-East Midlands dialect)for a wider
  audience further supporting nationalism as
  language became more standardized.

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• The printing press enabled the spread of the
  Protestant Reformation as various translations of
  the Bible were available to more people.
• The act of reading changed. Originally, one
  person read aloud to a group, or retold biblical
  or humorous stories he memorized and passed on.
• The oral tradition and communal reading gave way
  to silent reading.

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Henry Tudor VII

• After defeating Richard III, Henry established
  the monarchy of the Tudor line.
• Until now, England was considered backwards by
  all of Europe.
• Henry VII inherited a very weak England due to
  years of civil war.
• By his death in 1509, he had established law and
  order, strengthened the monarchy, and replenished
  the treasury.

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The Tudor Line
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Arthur

• Arthur marries Catherine of Aragon, daughter of
  Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. She has a very
  large dowry of 200,000 ducats (approximately 5
  million today). The first half was paid upon her
  arrival in England. The remainder paid after her
  second marriage.
• Six months later Arthur died. Henry VII and
  Spain both wanted Catherine to marry Henry,
  Arthurs younger brother. After a papal
  dispensation was granted, they married in 1509,
  six months after Henry VII died and his son Henry
  VIII had been crowned king.

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Henry Tudor
As the second son, Henry was not trained in the
state of affairs. He studied to enter the
church. He was named by the Pope as Defender of
the Faith for writing a book against Martin
Luthers teachings.
He was known as a Renaissance Man because he was
athletic, handsome, intelligent, and musically
talented (he wrote Greensleeves)
Henry was successful at jousting, fighting, and
hunting. He was a man with a tremendous love of
life.
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Catherine and Henrys Children

• During her marriage to Henry, Catherine had 13
  miscarriages.
• She had one surviving child a girl named Mary.
• Henry sees Catherine getting older and after 24
  years of marriage decides he needs a male heir
  because a woman has never ruled England before.

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The Six Wives of Henry VII

• The Fate of Henrys wives
• Divorced, beheaded, died
• Divorced, beheaded, survived

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The Royal Queens

• Catherine of Aragon
• Ann Boleyn
• Jane Seymour
• Ann of Cleves
• Catherine
  Howard
• 
  Catherine Parr

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Catherine of Aragon

• Was a devout Catholic.
• Henry proposed divorce, but she would not agree.
• He applied to the church for an annulment saying
  their marriage was never legal because her
  marriage had been consummated with Arthur
  afterall, thus making him a party to incest.
• The Pope refused, so Henry broke away from the
  Catholic Church creating the Church of England,
  of which he was the head. He granted himself a
  divorce

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Ann Boleyn

• Ann was a clever young woman, but not terribly
  beautiful. However, she had a charisma that made
  her desired by Henry and other men of the court.
• She married Henry. Before the birth of their
  first child, Elizabeth, Ann insisted Henry
  declare his first daughter Mary a bastard with no
  claim to the throne.
• Ann fell out of favor with Henry, so charges were
  brought against her of adultery and witchcraft.
  She was declared guilty and beheaded.

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Jane Seymour

• Jane was a very beautiful and compliant young
  woman. Henry seemed to truly love her.
• She gave birth to His only son, Edward.
• Jane died 10 days after giving birth from
  complications.

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Ann of Cleves

• This time Henry decided he would marry for a
  political alliance to help the kingdom.
• Henry commissioned a portrait of her.
  Unfortunately, the artist was a bit kind. They
  were married by proxy before her arrival from
  Flanders.
• Henry arrived early to watch her arrival. Once
  he saw her though, he refused to meet with her.
  England called her The Mare of Flanders.
• Ann was very smart. She did not want to return
  home to live with her brother and sister-in-law,
  so she asked Henry for a house and servants and
  agreed to a divorce.
• They actually became friends.

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Catherine Howard

• Catherine was only 16 years old when she married
  Henry. By now he was old, suffered from gout,
  and was very obese.
• Catherine fell in love with a man at court and
  had an affair with him.
• She was found guilty of adultery and beheaded.
  Her final words were about her lover.

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Catherine Parr

• Catherine was a widow woman in her 30s who acted
  more like a nurse and mothered Henry. She was
  very tender towards him.
• Catherine brought Mary and Elizabeth back to
  court and treated them like daughters.
  Previously, the daughters had been sent off to
  live in different castles with a staff to wait on
  them.
• Catherine survived Henrys death.

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Henrys Acts as King

• Once he had declared himself head of the Church
  of England, he dissolved the monasteries and took
  all their holdings.
• As a result, many original manuscripts were lost
  because the monasteries were burned to the
  ground.

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Royal Rule and Religion

• Henry VIII established the Church of England.
• Those who would not sign the Act of Supremacy
  acknowledging Henry as Head of the Church of
  England were tried for treason and executed.
• Those who practiced Catholicism were persecuted
  and killed.

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Edward VI

• Upon Henrys death, his son Edward was crowned
  king at 9 years-old. The country was ruled by a
  Regency Council, under which the church became
  recognizably more Protestant.
• Edward dies suddenly at 16 years old of
  Tuberculosis.

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Queen Mary

• After Edwards death, Mary, daughter of Henry and
  Catherine of Aragon, was crowned queen at 37
  years old and ruled for 5 years.
• Mary was a devout Catholic and changed the
  official religion back to Catholicism.
• She had anyone who refused to convert burned at
  the stake, thus earning the name Bloody Mary.

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Queen Elizabeth

• Mary died in 1558 of cancer. Elizabeth was
  crowned queen of England and ruled for 45 years
  until 1603.
• Elizabeth, a Protestant, changed the official
  religion back to Protestantism.
• Under Elizabeth England flourished and the
  Renaissance reached its zenith, thus marking this
  time as the High Renaissance.

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Renaissance in England

• Literature, music, and exploration had the
  greatest growth during this time.
• The dominant forms of English literature were
  poetry and drama.
• The genre of music developed the most were the
  madrigal.
• Explorers such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir
  Walter Raleigh expanded Englands presence in the
  new world.

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