TAKS Science EXIT Review

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TAKS Science EXIT Review

• Living Systems and the Environment

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Organization of Organisms
Give examples of each type.

• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
• Organism

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Systems
Circulatory Respiratory Digestive Muscular Skeletal Nervous
Circulatory Heart
Respiratory
Digestive Stomach
Muscular Muscles move bones
Skeletal Ribs protect the lungs
Nervous Spinal Cord
Complete each blank with an example of how each
system works with another. Diagonally, give an
example of an organ of each system.
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TAKS Questions
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TAKS Questions
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Cells

• A cell is the smallest part of any living thing. 
  
• There are many parts of a cell.  
• Each part of a cell completes a certain function
  for the cell.

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Plants vs. Animals

• Some differences between Plant cells and Animal
  cells are
• Plant cells have cell walls as their outermost
  layer
• Plant cells have chloroplasts that contain
  chlorophyll for pigmentation and photosynthesis
• Plant cells have larger vacuoles (used for
  storage)
• Some Animal cells have flagellum connected to the
  cell membrane which aids in movement of the cell

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Parts of a Cell

• Cell Membrane - forms the outer boundary of the
  cell and allows only certain materials to move
  into or out of the cell
• Cytoplasm - a gel-like material inside the cell 
  it contains water and nutrients for the cell
• Nucleus - directs the activity of a cell it
  contains chromosomes with the DNA
• Mitochondria - break down food and release energy
  to the cell
• Vacuoles - are storage areas for the cell

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Ecosystems

• Producers
• Primary consumers
• Secondary consumers
• Decomposers

• Ecological Succession

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Ecological Succession

• Succession a series of predictable changes that
  occur in a community over time
• Primary Succession changes that occur in an
  area where no ecosystem previously existed
• Secondary Succession changes that occur after
  an existing ecosystem has been disturbed

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Species and Adaptations

• Species a group of similar organisms that can
  mate and produce fertile offspring
• Adaptations a genetic trait that helps an
  organism survive and reproduce
• Evolution a change in a species over time
• Natural Selection a process by which
  individuals better adapted to their environment
  are more likely to survive and reproduce

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Symbiosis

• Mutualism - both species benefit
• Commensalism - one species benefits, the other is
  unaffected
• Parasitism - one species benefits, the other is
  harmed
• Competition - neither species benefits
• Neutralism - both species are unaffected

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Predator - Prey

• A predator is carnivorous. This means that it
  lives by eating other animals, which are known as
  it's prey. The term predator usually refers to
  animals that catch and kill. Most predators are
  larger that their prey they have special
  adaptations to help them find and catch their
  food. These include good vision, a keen sense of
  smell, or strong legs for rapid movement.
• Prey also have special adaptations to help them
  survive the attack of their predators.
• Camouflage helps them blend in with their
  environment and hide, sharp senses warn them of
  attack, and speed allows them to escape.

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Food Webs Food Chains

• Food chains and webs show how food and energy are
  passed between species.
• Pay attention to the direction of the arrows.
• Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary
  Consumers, Decomposers
• Predator/Prey

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Genetics

• Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics.
  He used pea plants to study how traits are passed
  from one generation to the next.Dominant
  Allele A trait that prevents the showing of
  other traits. It is a gene that is fully
  expressed when two different alleles are
  present.Recessive Allele A trait that is
  hidden by a dominant trait. It is a gene that is
  not expressed when paired with a dominant
  allele.Incomplete Dominance Neither trait is
  dominant or recessive. Phenotype How your
  features look.Genotype What your chromosomes
  say your features are.Heterozygous Having two
  different alleles for a trait.Homozygous
  Having two of the same alleles for a trait.

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Punnett Square

• Monohybrid crosses look at one set of alleles.

Homozygous Dominant crosses with Heterozygous

Homozygous Recessive crosses with Heterozygous
T T x T t
t t x T t
  T t
t    
t    
  T t
T    
T    
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Remember Me?

• Photosynthesis carbon dioxide, water, and
  energy from sunlight produce food and oxygen in
  plants. The food is _____ by the plant and the
  _____ is released.
• Chemical reaction is

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Remember me too?

• Respiration a process in organisms that uses
  the oxygen they breathe to release energy from
  glucose. and water are also produced. It
  mostly occurs in the mitochondria of cells.