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Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 11 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Jkjk


1
Psychology 307 Cultural Psychology Lecture 11
2
Office Hours
  • Prior to the exam, I will have additional
    office hours. If you require assistance, please
    feel free to see me at any of the following
    times

Friday, February 5, 300-430. Monday, February
8, 300-500. Tuesday, February 9, 1030-1200.
3
Scoring Your Questionnaire
In order to score your questionnaire, you must
compute 3 scores. For each score, give yourself
1 point for each of the following
responses. Score 1 Yes 10, 14, 22, 31,
39 No 2, 6, 18, 26, 28, 35, 43 Score 2 Yes
3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 32, 36, 44, 48 No 27,
41 Score 3 Yes 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 30,
34, 38, 42, 46
4
The Self-Concept, Motivation, and Personality
  1. Does cultural variation on the dimension of
    individualism-collectivism influence the way in
    which the self is conceptualized? (continued)
  2. Do trait theories adequately describe personality
    in non-Western cultures?

5
Does cultural variation on the dimension of
individualism-collectivism influence the way in
which the self is conceptualized? (continued)
(b) Self-consistency
  • Research has shown that the self-beliefs of
    people from individualistic cultures tend to be
    more consistent across social contexts than the
    self-beliefs of people from collectivistic
    cultures.

6
  • Moreover, research has shown that there is a
    greater correlation between consistency of
    self-beliefs and psychological adjustment in
    individualistic cultures than collectivistic
    cultures.

7
  • Example

Campbell et al. (1996)
  • Recruited participants from Canada and Japan.
  • Conducted 3 studies.
  • In each study, had participants complete
    measures of self-concept clarity (SCC) and
    self- esteem (SE).

8
Campbell et als SCC Scale
  • 1. My beliefs about myself often conflict with
    one another.
  • 2. On one day I might have one opinion of
    myself and on another day I might have a
    different opinion.
  • 3. I spend a lot of time wondering about what
    kind of person I really am.
  • 4. Sometimes I feel that I am not really the
    person that I appear to be.
  • 5. When I think about the kind of person I
    have been in the past, Im not sure what I was
    really like.
  • 6. I seldom experience conflict between the
    different aspects of my personality.
  • 7. Sometimes I think I know other people
    better than I know myself.
  • My beliefs about myself seem to change very
    frequently.
  • 9. If I were asked to describe my personality,
    my description might end up being different from
    one day to another day.
  • 10. Even if I wanted to, I dont think I could
    tell someone what Im really like.
  • In general, I have a clear sense of who I am
    and what I am.
  • It is often hard for me to make up my mind
    about things because I dont really know what I
    want.

Reverse-scored item.
9
  • Across the 3 studies, found that
  • (a) the SCC scores obtained by the Canadian
    participants were higher than the SCC scores
    obtained by the Japanese participants.

(b) the correlations between SCC and SE were
higher among the Canadian participants than the
Japanese participants.
10
SCC Scores for Canadian and Japanese Participants
(Campbell et al. 1996)
Study Mean SCC ScoreCanadian Participants Mean SCC ScoreJapanese Participants p
1 41.72 34.41 lt.01
2 39.30 35.01 lt.01
3 38.02 34.35 lt.01
11
Correlations Between SCC and Self-Esteem for
Canadian and Japanese Participants (Campbell et
al., 1996)
Study Correlation Between SCC and SE Canadian Participants Correlation Between SCC and SEJapanese Participants p
1 .69 .37 lt.001
2 .63 .46 lt.07
3 .59 .08 lt.001
12
(c) Self-enhancement
  • Research suggests that people from
    individualistic cultures tend to engage in
    self-enhancementthat is, they tend to view and
    evaluate themselves in a positive and socially
    desirable manner.
  • Self-enhancement is motivated by a desire to
    bolster ones self-image and demonstrate ones
    unique attributes.

13
  • In contrast, research suggests that people from
    collectivistic cultures tend to engage in
    self- effacementthat is, they tend to view and
    evaluate themselves in a critical and
    disparaging manner.
  • Self-effacement is motivated by a desire to
    diminish ones unique attributes and fit in with
    others.

14
  • Examples

1. Markus and Kitayama (1998)
  • Recruited participants from the U.S. and Japan.
  • Examined the frequency with which participants
    endorsed a variety of attributes as descriptive
    of themselves special and ordinary were
    among the attributes presented to participants.

15
  • Found that
  • (a) 96 of European American participants
    described themselves as special, whereas only
    45 of Japanese participants described
    themselves using this term.

(b) 84 of Japanese participants described
themselves as ordinary, whereas only 18 of
European American participants described
themselves using this term.
16
2. Heine and Lehman (1999)
  • Recruited participants from Canada and Japan.
  • Examined
  • (a) the frequency with which participants
    endorsed a variety of positive attributes as
    descriptive of themselves.
  • (b) the degree to which participants
    experienced discrepancies between their
    actual and ideal selves.
  • (c) the correlation between participants
    actual- ideal discrepancies and depression.

17
  • Participants rated 20 positive attributes.
    Among these were

Adaptable Happy Attractive Hardworking Compete
nt Honest Considerate Patient Creative Self-
confident Decisive Self-motivated Dependable S
ensitive to others Determined Tolerant
18
  • Found that
  • (a) Canadian participants endorsed more
    positive attributes as self-descriptive than
    Japanese participants.

(b) Japanese participants experienced greater
actual-ideal discrepancies than Canadian
participants.
(c) the correlation between actual-ideal
discrepancies and depression was higher among
Canadian participants than Japanese participants.
19
Findings for Canadian and Japanese Participants
(Heine Lehman, 1999)
Canadian Participants Japanese Participants p
Self-ratings 85.9 71.1 lt.001
Actual-ideal discrepancies 1.20 1.49 lt.001
Correlation with depression .53 .30 lt.05
20
Do trait theories adequately describe
personality in non-Western cultures?
  • Personality refers to an individuals
    characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and
    behavior, together with the psychological
    mechanisms behind those patterns (Funder,
    2004).
  • Given that research has shown that the
    self-beliefs of people from collectivistic
    cultures are variable across social contexts,
    some theorists (e.g., Shweder, 1991) maintain
    that personality is not a valid construct to
    study in collectivistic cultures.

21
  • Consistent with this view, Hsu (1985) argues
    that the concept of personality is an
    expression of the Western ideal of
    individualism.
  • Similarly, Cross and Markus (1999) maintain
    that personality psychology is an indigenous
    psychology of Western Europeans and North
    Americans, rather than a universal psychology of
    human behavior.

22
  • In contrast to this view, other theorists
    maintain that the concept of personality is
    universally relevant. In support of their view,
    they note that all cultural groups possess terms
    to describe individuals enduring
    characteristics. Examples
  • Pakikiramdam (Filipino sensitive, empathetic)
  • Amae (Japanese indulgent, dependent)
  • Ren qin (Chinese relationship-oriented)
  • Simpatico (Mexican avoiding of conflict)
  • Mitratapurne (Hindi friendly)

23
  • Although a number of theories of personality
    have been proposed (e.g., psychoanalytic theory,
    social-learning theories), researchers who have
    studied personality across cultures have largely
    focused on trait theories.
  • According to trait theories, personality is
    best described as a constellation of traits
    (e.g., anxious, conscientious, outgoing). Traits
    are viewed as descriptive summaries of behaviour.

24
  • Trait theories attempt to identify the traits
    that are most central to describing personality.
    These traits are viewed as the basic dimensions
    of personality or as superordinate traits that
    encompass numerous, more narrowly defined traits.

25
The Self-Concept, Motivation, and Personality
  1. Does cultural variation on the dimension of
    individualism-collectivism influence the way in
    which the self is conceptualized? (continued)
  2. Do trait theories adequately describe personality
    in non-Western cultures?
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