Title: Jkjk
1Psychology 307 Cultural Psychology Lecture 11
2Office Hours
- Prior to the exam, I will have additional
office hours. If you require assistance, please
feel free to see me at any of the following
times
Friday, February 5, 300-430. Monday, February
8, 300-500. Tuesday, February 9, 1030-1200.
3Scoring Your Questionnaire
In order to score your questionnaire, you must
compute 3 scores. For each score, give yourself
1 point for each of the following
responses. Score 1 Yes 10, 14, 22, 31,
39 No 2, 6, 18, 26, 28, 35, 43 Score 2 Yes
3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 32, 36, 44, 48 No 27,
41 Score 3 Yes 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 30,
34, 38, 42, 46
4The Self-Concept, Motivation, and Personality
- Does cultural variation on the dimension of
individualism-collectivism influence the way in
which the self is conceptualized? (continued) - Do trait theories adequately describe personality
in non-Western cultures?
5Does cultural variation on the dimension of
individualism-collectivism influence the way in
which the self is conceptualized? (continued)
(b) Self-consistency
- Research has shown that the self-beliefs of
people from individualistic cultures tend to be
more consistent across social contexts than the
self-beliefs of people from collectivistic
cultures.
6- Moreover, research has shown that there is a
greater correlation between consistency of
self-beliefs and psychological adjustment in
individualistic cultures than collectivistic
cultures.
7Campbell et al. (1996)
- Recruited participants from Canada and Japan.
- In each study, had participants complete
measures of self-concept clarity (SCC) and
self- esteem (SE).
8Campbell et als SCC Scale
- 1. My beliefs about myself often conflict with
one another. - 2. On one day I might have one opinion of
myself and on another day I might have a
different opinion. - 3. I spend a lot of time wondering about what
kind of person I really am. - 4. Sometimes I feel that I am not really the
person that I appear to be. - 5. When I think about the kind of person I
have been in the past, Im not sure what I was
really like. - 6. I seldom experience conflict between the
different aspects of my personality. - 7. Sometimes I think I know other people
better than I know myself. - My beliefs about myself seem to change very
frequently. - 9. If I were asked to describe my personality,
my description might end up being different from
one day to another day. - 10. Even if I wanted to, I dont think I could
tell someone what Im really like. - In general, I have a clear sense of who I am
and what I am. - It is often hard for me to make up my mind
about things because I dont really know what I
want.
Reverse-scored item.
9- Across the 3 studies, found that
- (a) the SCC scores obtained by the Canadian
participants were higher than the SCC scores
obtained by the Japanese participants.
(b) the correlations between SCC and SE were
higher among the Canadian participants than the
Japanese participants.
10SCC Scores for Canadian and Japanese Participants
(Campbell et al. 1996)
Study Mean SCC ScoreCanadian Participants Mean SCC ScoreJapanese Participants p
1 41.72 34.41 lt.01
2 39.30 35.01 lt.01
3 38.02 34.35 lt.01
11Correlations Between SCC and Self-Esteem for
Canadian and Japanese Participants (Campbell et
al., 1996)
Study Correlation Between SCC and SE Canadian Participants Correlation Between SCC and SEJapanese Participants p
1 .69 .37 lt.001
2 .63 .46 lt.07
3 .59 .08 lt.001
12(c) Self-enhancement
- Research suggests that people from
individualistic cultures tend to engage in
self-enhancementthat is, they tend to view and
evaluate themselves in a positive and socially
desirable manner.
- Self-enhancement is motivated by a desire to
bolster ones self-image and demonstrate ones
unique attributes.
13- In contrast, research suggests that people from
collectivistic cultures tend to engage in
self- effacementthat is, they tend to view and
evaluate themselves in a critical and
disparaging manner.
- Self-effacement is motivated by a desire to
diminish ones unique attributes and fit in with
others.
141. Markus and Kitayama (1998)
- Recruited participants from the U.S. and Japan.
- Examined the frequency with which participants
endorsed a variety of attributes as descriptive
of themselves special and ordinary were
among the attributes presented to participants.
15- Found that
- (a) 96 of European American participants
described themselves as special, whereas only
45 of Japanese participants described
themselves using this term.
(b) 84 of Japanese participants described
themselves as ordinary, whereas only 18 of
European American participants described
themselves using this term.
162. Heine and Lehman (1999)
- Recruited participants from Canada and Japan.
- Examined
- (a) the frequency with which participants
endorsed a variety of positive attributes as
descriptive of themselves. - (b) the degree to which participants
experienced discrepancies between their
actual and ideal selves. - (c) the correlation between participants
actual- ideal discrepancies and depression.
17- Participants rated 20 positive attributes.
Among these were
Adaptable Happy Attractive Hardworking Compete
nt Honest Considerate Patient Creative Self-
confident Decisive Self-motivated Dependable S
ensitive to others Determined Tolerant
18- Found that
- (a) Canadian participants endorsed more
positive attributes as self-descriptive than
Japanese participants.
(b) Japanese participants experienced greater
actual-ideal discrepancies than Canadian
participants.
(c) the correlation between actual-ideal
discrepancies and depression was higher among
Canadian participants than Japanese participants.
19Findings for Canadian and Japanese Participants
(Heine Lehman, 1999)
Canadian Participants Japanese Participants p
Self-ratings 85.9 71.1 lt.001
Actual-ideal discrepancies 1.20 1.49 lt.001
Correlation with depression .53 .30 lt.05
20 Do trait theories adequately describe
personality in non-Western cultures?
- Personality refers to an individuals
characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and
behavior, together with the psychological
mechanisms behind those patterns (Funder,
2004).
- Given that research has shown that the
self-beliefs of people from collectivistic
cultures are variable across social contexts,
some theorists (e.g., Shweder, 1991) maintain
that personality is not a valid construct to
study in collectivistic cultures.
21- Consistent with this view, Hsu (1985) argues
that the concept of personality is an
expression of the Western ideal of
individualism.
- Similarly, Cross and Markus (1999) maintain
that personality psychology is an indigenous
psychology of Western Europeans and North
Americans, rather than a universal psychology of
human behavior.
22- In contrast to this view, other theorists
maintain that the concept of personality is
universally relevant. In support of their view,
they note that all cultural groups possess terms
to describe individuals enduring
characteristics. Examples
- Pakikiramdam (Filipino sensitive, empathetic)
- Amae (Japanese indulgent, dependent)
- Ren qin (Chinese relationship-oriented)
- Simpatico (Mexican avoiding of conflict)
- Mitratapurne (Hindi friendly)
23- Although a number of theories of personality
have been proposed (e.g., psychoanalytic theory,
social-learning theories), researchers who have
studied personality across cultures have largely
focused on trait theories.
- According to trait theories, personality is
best described as a constellation of traits
(e.g., anxious, conscientious, outgoing). Traits
are viewed as descriptive summaries of behaviour.
24- Trait theories attempt to identify the traits
that are most central to describing personality.
These traits are viewed as the basic dimensions
of personality or as superordinate traits that
encompass numerous, more narrowly defined traits.
25The Self-Concept, Motivation, and Personality
- Does cultural variation on the dimension of
individualism-collectivism influence the way in
which the self is conceptualized? (continued) - Do trait theories adequately describe personality
in non-Western cultures?