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Social Psychology

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Social Psychology Social Psychology looks at both intrapersonal (attitudes, persuasion, social cognition, cognitive dissonance) and interpersonal (relations with ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Social Psychology


1
Social Psychology
  • Social Psychology looks at both intrapersonal
    (attitudes, persuasion, social cognition,
    cognitive dissonance) and interpersonal
    (relations with others, group dynamics, social
    influence, interpersonal attraction) phenomena
  • Discovering Psychology - The Power of the
    Situation

2
Attribution Process and Theory
  • How we attach meaning to others behavior, or our
    own, is called attribution
  • Attribution theory (Fritz Heider) People
    naturally see cause and effect relationships and
    seek to explain behavior

3
Attribution Process and Theory
  • Attribution theory (Fritz Heider)
  • Dispositional versus situational attribution
  • Fundamental attribution error (others)
  • Self-serving bias (also defensive attribution)
    self only
  • Actor-observer effect
  • Why were you late for class? Why was Jimmy late
    for class?
  • Why did you fail the Psych test? Jimmy?
  • Just-world hypothesis

4
Cognitive Dissonance
  • Cognitive dissonance The tension caused by
    holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously.
    Includes attitudes and beliefs, and actions
  • Theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that
    people seek to reduce dissonance by changing
    their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors, or by
    justifying or rationalizing their attitudes,
    beliefs, and behaviors in order to seek cognitive
    consistency (Festinger)

5
Cognitive Dissonance Attitudes and Actions
  • According to Leon Festinger we seek cognitive
    consistency by bringing our attitudes closer to
    our actions called theory of cognitive dissonance
    or balance theory
  • Tedious task experiment (Festinger)
  • Festinger CD
  • A(ttitude)-B(ehavior) Problem To what extent do
    behaviors affect attitudes? Can one predict the
    other?

6
Cognitive Dissonance and Behavior
  • Role playing Subjects in a role often begin to
    become the role. Behavior affects attitudes
    and reduces dissonance (e.g. role playing Im
    a teacher, dad, scholar)
  • Zimbardo prison pathology experiments
  • Foot-in-the-door theory The tendency for people
    who agree to a small request to comply later with
    a larger one (cheating, lying, drug use,
    tortureits a slippery slope!). Reduces initial
    dissonance. Also used in persuasion/sales
  • Effort justification the tendency to find
    something more attractive if you have to work
    hard to achieve it, Examples?

7
Role Playing and Zimbardo
  • Zimbardo prison experiments
  • Role playing and deindividuation and situational
    influences
  • ZimbardoPE
  • Zimbardo DN
  • The Stanford Prison Experiment

8
Deindividuation
  • Deindividuation into a group results in a loss of
    individual identity and a gaining of the social
    identity of the group. Examples?
  • Anonymity
  • Diffused responsibility
  • Group size

The Lucifer Effect Abu Ghraib Daily Show
Zimbardo
9
Social Influence and Conformity Obedience
  • Conformity influences the maintenance of social
    norms and allows society to function smoothly
  • Other behaviors may be an expression of
    compliance (obedience) toward authority

Conformity
Obedience
10
Social Conformity (Asch)
  • Aschs conformity experiments
  • Asch study
  • What are the factors which affect degree of
    conformity?
  • Normative social influence v. Informational
    social influence

11
Reasons for Conformity
  • Normative Social Influence Results from a
    persons desire to gain approval or avoid
    rejection. Public compliance, but doubt.
    Number, strength and immediacy. Asch Conformity
    Studies
  • Two polar bears are sitting in a bathtub. The
    first one says, "Pass the soap". The second one
    says, "No soap, radio!" (anti-humor false and
    negative understanding)
  • ConformityCC

12
Reasons for Conformity
  • Informational Social Influence Look to group to
    make accurate judgments
  • Also called social proof. It occurs most often
    when
  • The situation is ambiguous.
  • There is a crisis. We have no time to think and
    experiment. A decision is required now!

13
Other Types of Conformity Phenomena
  • Chameleon effect
  • Mood linkage (emotional or social contagion)
  • Suggestibility

14
Obedience to Authority
  • The Milgram Experiments
  • Milgram Video
  • The Power of the Situation

15
Social Obedience (Milgram)
  • Results and Explanations for Milgrams Obedience
    to Authority experiments
  • Socialization (normative influence)
  • Foot in the door phenomenon
  • Perception of legitimate authority
  • Diffusion of responsibility
  • Inaccessibility of values
  • Lack of social comparison
  • Physical and psychological buffers (proximity,
    depersonalization)
  • Ethicality of the experiment?

16
Social Identity Theory and Prejudice
  • Social Identity Theory Identity is formed
    through the groups to which we belong. We are
    motivated to improve the image and status of our
    own group in comparison with others (Tajfel)
  • Categorizing people (including oneself) into
    ingroups or outgroups affects perceptions,
    attitudes, and behavior (key source of prejudice
    and discrimination) Tajfel and Social Identity
    Theory

17
Social Identity Theory and Prejudice
18
Group Dynamics and Prejudice
  • Sherifs Robbers Cave experiment (1961)
  • Realistic Conflict Theory Limited resources lead
    to conflict between groups and result in
    prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes within
    a society
  • In Group homogeneity and Out Group bias (basis of
    stereotype and prejudice). Stages 1) In Group
    formation 2) friction and competition and 3)
    integration
  • Superordinate goals
  • Contact hypothesis
  • GRIT
  • PsyBlog War, Peace and the Role of Power in
    Sherif's Robbers Cave Experiment

19
Prejudice and Discrimination
  • Prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative)
    attitude toward a group and its members.
    Prejudice underlies the behavior of discrimination

Components of Prejudice
  1. Beliefs (stereotypes)
  2. Emotions (hostility, envy, fear)
  3. Predisposition to act (to discriminate)

20
Social, Emotional and Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
  • Social inequality, social division and emotional
    outgroup and ingroup bias
  • An outlet for blame, anger and resentment
    Scapegoat Theory
  • Just world phenomenon

21
Unconscious Prejudice
  • Prejudice works at the conscious and even more
    at the unconscious level. Prejudice is more a
    knee-jerk response than a conscious decision
    which then results in behavior (discrimination)
  • Implicit Association Test
  • Discrimination A Class Divided

22
Group Dynamics
  • How does the presence of others influence
    individual behavior?
  • Social loafing
  • Social facilitation
  • Group polarization (incestuous amplification and
    risky shift) not groupthink
  • Deindividuation
  • Groupthink (rationalized conformity) and mindguard

23
Groupthink and Mindguard
  • Groupthink When norms for conforming in a
    homogeneous group become so strong, and members
    are so highly concerned about maintaining
    unanimity, that they fail to critically evaluate
    their options and consequently make a poor
    decision
  • Examples...Iraq invasion, Bay of Pigs, Challenger
    disaster
  • Role of mindguard

24
Bystander Effect
  • Bystander intervention v. bystander apathy/effect
    (Kitty Genovese)
  • First demonstrated by Darley and Latane (1968)
    Participants are assigned to alone or group
    condition (comprised of confederates). A crisis
    situation is staged a person getting injured, a
    person having a seizure...How do participants
    react?
  • Consistent Results The presence of others
    inhibits helping
  • Diffusion of responsibility/social loafing
  • Pluralistic ignorance
  • Bystander intervention

25
The Psychology of Helping
  • Altruistic and Prosocial behavior
  • Social norms theory States that much of peoples
    behavior is influenced by their perception of how
    other members of their social group behave
  • Social exchange theory An economic-social theory
    that assumes human relationships are based on
    choice and cost-benefit analyses Social
    benefits
  • If one partner's costs begin to outweigh his or
    her benefits, that person may leave the
    relationship, especially if there are good
    alternatives available

26
Theory of Social Comparison
  • Theory of Social Comparison (Festinger) Humans
    gain information about themselves, and source
    self-esteem, by comparison to others
  • Upward social comparison Individuals compare
    themselves to others who are socially better to
    view self more positively
  • Downward social comparison A defensive tendency
    to evaluate oneself in comparison with others
    whose troubles are more serious than one's own

27
Persuasion and the Elaboration Likelihood Model
  • Persuasion can be divided into two separate
    processes based on the "likelihood of cognitive
    elaborations," that is, whether people think
    critically about the content of a message, or
    respond to superficial aspects of the message and
    other immediate cues
  • Central and peripheral routes to persuasion

28
The Psychology of Aggression
  • Bio-psychosocial model
  • Biological Sources/Causes (brain, hormones,
    genetics, evolutionary - instinct theory)
  • Psychological sources
  • Social scripts
  • Observational learning and reinforcements
  • Frustration-aggression hypothesis

29
Psychology of Attraction
  • Factors affecting attraction
  • Proximity/propinquity mere exposure effect
  • Primacy (first impressions)
  • Physical attractiveness (facial matching)
  • Similarity
  • Complementarity (not dissimilarity)
  • Reward theory of attraction/social exchange
  • Intimacy
  • Theories of interpersonal attraction
    reinforcement, equity and cognitive consistency
    (balance)
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