Chapter 16, Social Change

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Chapter 16, Social Change

• Key Terms

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• global interdependenceA state in which the
  social, political, financial and cultural lives
  of people around the world are intertwined such
  that one countrys problems are part of a larger
  global situation.
• globalizationThe process of ever-increasing
  cross-border flows of goods, services, money,
  people, information, and culture.

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• social changeAny significant alteration,
  modification, or transformation in the
  reorganization and operation of social life.
• InnovationThe invention or discovery of
  something new--an idea, a process, a practice, a
  device, or a tool.

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• basic innovationsRevolutionary, unprecedented,
  or ground-breaking inventions that serve as the
  cornerstones for a wide range of applications.
• improving innovationsModifications of basic
  inventions that improve upon the originals- that
  is, to make them smaller, faster, less
  complicated, or more efficient, attractive or
  profitable.

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• hypertextAllows readers to pick and choose among
  highlighted key words and follow links to related
  documents that are stored in computers around the
  world.
• dearth of feedbackA situation in which not
  enough critical readers and listeners evaluate
  material before it is used by the popular media.

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• cultural baseThe number of existing inventions.
• inventionA synthesis of existing inventions.

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• simultaneous-independent inventionsSituations in
  which the same invention is created by two or
  more persons working independently of one another
  at about the same time.
• adaptive cultureThe portion of the nonmaterial
  culture, that adjusts to material innovations.

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• cultural lagA situation in which adaptive
  culture fails to adjust in necessary ways to
  material innovation.
• technological deterministSomeone who believes
  that people have no free will and are controlled
  entirely by their material innovations.

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• paradigmsThe dominant and widely accepted
  theories and concepts in a particular field of
  study.
• anomalyAn observation or observations that a
  paradigm cannot explain.

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• globalization-from-aboveA term describing the
  Internet's ability to connect those people around
  the world with educational, economic, and
  political advantages, excluding those who are not
  so advantaged.

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• globalization-from-belowInterdependence at the
  grassroots level that aims to protect the
  environment, enhance ordinary people's access to
  basic resources, democratize political
  institutions, and ease tensions and prevent
  violent conflict between power centers and
  authority structures.

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• social movementA situation in which a
  substantial number of people organize to change,
  to resist change, or to undo change in some area
  of society.
• regressive or reactionary social movementsSocial
  movements with the goal of turning back the hands
  of time to an earlier condition or state of being
  sometimes defined as a golden era.

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• reformist movementsSocial movement that target
  some specific feature of society as needing
  change.
• revolutionary movementsSocial movements that
  seek broad, sweeping, and radical structural
  changes to a societys basic social institutions
  or to the world order.

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• counterrevolutionary movementsSocial movements
  that seek to maintain a social order that reform
  and revolutionary movements are seeking to
  change.
• objective deprivationA condition that applies to
  those who are the worst off or most
  disadvantaged- people with the lowest
  incomes,least education, lowest social status,
  fewest opportunities, and so on.

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• relative deprivationA condition that is
  measured, not by objective standards, but by
  comparing one group's situation to that of those
  who are more advantaged.
• terrorismAnxiety inspiring and violent actions
  taken by a clandestine or semi-clandestine
  individual, group, or state-supported actors for
  idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons.

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• resource mobilizationA situation in which a
  core group of sophisticated strategists work to
  harness the disaffected person's energies,
  attract money and supporters, capture the medias
  attention, forge alliances with those in power,
  and create an organizational structure.