Covalent Bonds Notes

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Covalent Bonds Notes
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Single Bonds

• A bond in which two or more atoms share a pair of
  electrons
• H H ? H-H
• Each hydrogen now achieves the electron
  configuration of the noble gas Helium.
• The dash represents a pair of electrons that are
  being shared
• Dashes are NOT used for ionic bonds!

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• Covalent bonding occurs between nonmetals. If it
  is a metal and a non-metal then it will be an
  ionic bond.
• F F ? F-F
• Each Fluorine atom shares one electron
• The electrons around the fluorine atoms are
  considered to be lone pairs or non-bonding pairs

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• What would the structural diagram of water look
  like?
• H H O ? H-O-H

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• What happens when you form CH4 (methane)?

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Double and Triple Bonds

• Double bonds atoms share 4 electrons
• Triple bonds atoms share 6 electrons

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• Carbon dioxide
• Nitrogen

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Coordinate Covalent Bonds

• A covalent bond in which one atom contributes
  both bonding electrons to form the bond.
• All polyatomic ions are Coordinate covalent bonds.

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Resonance

• Structures that occur when it is possible to
  write more than one electron dot formula that
  have the same number of electron pairs.
• When electrons are all paired it is called
  diamagnetism.
• When electrons are NOT all paired, it is called
  paramagnetic.

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Ionic Bonding Notes
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• Ionic Bond
• Electrons are transferred from one atom to
  another.

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• Ionic Compound
• A compound composed of positive and negative ions.

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• Why is it that Ions form their charges in a
  particular pattern according to the Periodic
  Table of the Elements?
• It has to do with the number of
• valence electrons

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• Valence electrons are the electrons in the
  highest occupied energy level of an element

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• We can represent the number of valence electrons
  in a pictorial representation
• Electron Dot Diagrams

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• You can also examine the electron configuration
  to show the formation of ions
• The most electrons that can be found in the
  highest energy level are eight electrons.

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• Octet Rule In forming compounds, atoms tend to
  achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas

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Formation of Ions

• Atoms that gain electrons anions negative
  charge
• Atoms that lose electrons cations positive
  charge
• Atoms gain or lose electrons to get the electron
  configuration of an noble gas

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• What charge would the following elements have if
  they were ions?
• Fluorine
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Lithium

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Represent the following Compounds in as Lewis Dot

• 1. NaCl
• 2. CaO

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Polyatomic Ions

• A tightly bound group of atoms that behaves as a
  unit and carries a charge. (see
  polyatomic/transitional metal sheet)