Honors Biology Review

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Honors Biology Review

• Yea!!!!!

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Steps in the Scientific Method

• Observe always observing the world around us!!
• 1. ask questions
• 2. form hypothesis
• 3. experimentation
• 4. analysis
• 5. conclusion

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Hypothesis?

• If, then statement (question)
• An educated guess/ testable

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What is the difference between a control group
and an experimental group?

• Control unmanipulated used as a basis of
  comparison (sometimes called placebo group)
• Experimental a variable has been manipulated

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Words used in a conclusion?
Support/reject
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Compound microscope vs. simple vs. electron?

• Compound many lenses working together
  (magnification clarity)
• Simple magnification only (specimens usually
  macroscopic)
• Electron e- beams, can see viruses and other
  extreme microscopic specimens.

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KNOW PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE ?
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Know your fields of biology

• ecology
• Study of organism interactions with each other
  and the environment
• genetics
• Study of heredity
• cytology
• Study of cells
• biology
• Study of LIFE!!!!!!! (YOU BETTER NOT GET THIS ONE
  WRONG ?)
• taxonomy
• Study of naming organisms

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Know your basic biochemistry

• Organic elements- CHONPS
• Carbohydrates COMPLEX SUGARS
• lipids fats, oils, waxes
• proteins keratin, actin/myosin, etc. complex
  amino acids
• nucleic acids DNA/RNA
• glucose/sucrose/fructose/lactose blood sugar,
  table sugar, fruit sugar, milk sugar

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Know your basic biochemistry (Define Give
examples)

• Cellulose strength rigidity to plants cell
  wall component
• Complimentary base pairing DNA A-T, C-G RNA
  A-U, C-G
• DNA/RNA deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic
  blueprint)/ ribonucleic acid (protein synthesis)
• enzymes/ substrate / lock key enzymes
  (catalyst to jumpstart a reaction)

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• Hydrolysis- breaking apart macromolecules into
  monomers by adding water
• Dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction
  combining monomers together by removing water

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Know your cellular organelles What do they look
like what do they do?

• Nucleus cellular control center
• Mitochondrion powerhouse supplies energy
• Nucleolus makes ribosomes
• Ribosome makes proteins
• lysosome garbage disposals destroyer
• Cell membrane semipermeable layer allows
  homeostasis and transport (same stable internal
  conditions)

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Know your cellular organelles What do they look
like what do they do?

• Chloroplast has chlorophyll allowing for
  photosynthesis to occur
• endoplasmic reticulum (rough smooth
  intracellular highways
• Golgi apparatus postal office (packaging and
  secreting)
• Cell wall protects and supports plant cells
• Vacuole- stroage of water, enzymes, waste

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Define the following terms related to movement of
cellular materials

• Diffusion movement of molecules from an area of
  higher concentration to lower concentration
• Osmosis movement of WATER from an area of high
  to low
• Active transport cell expends energy against
  concentration gradient
• Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solution lower,
  higher, equal
• Plasmolysis wilting

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Define the following terms related to movement of
cellular materials

• Passive transport no energy input from cell
• Cytolysis cell bursting
• Endocytosis movement into the cell pinocytosis
  cell drinking, Phagocytosis cell eating
• Exocytosis movement out of the cell
• Contractile vacuoles used by protista to pump
  out excess water

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Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
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Which cell is in a hypertonic solution?
isotonic? hypotonic?
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
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Interphase
Anaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Ignore
Cytokinesis
Metaphase
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Define the concepts of cell division

• Interphase- G1, S, G2
• Mitosis cloning body cell reproduction
• Meiosis forms gametes genetic recombination
• Haploid, diploid n, 2n
• Gamete sperm egg
• Zygote union of sperm egg
• Cell plate, cleavage furrow occurs during
  cytokinesis
• Autosomes body chromosomes/somatic chromosomes
  (44)
• Sex chromosomes XX (girl)or XY (boy) (2)

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Know blood typing!

• Type A- IAIA, IAi
• Type B- IBIB, Ibi
• Type AB- IAIB
• Type O- ii

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Define the concepts of cell division

• Bacterial reproduction binary fission splitting
  into two
• Sperm production to egg production
• 4 to 1 (spermatogenesis oogenesis)

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Define the concepts of cell division

• Male and female symbols

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Punnett Square Practice

• Want to do these on the board????

TT X tt Tt X Tt Tt X tt
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Genetic Terms

• Dominant overshadows a recessive
• Recessive is expressed when no dominant is
  present
• Phenotype physical characteristics (brown, red,
  etc)
• Genotype genetic makeup (represented by letters)
• Homozygous both are the same (TT or tt)
• Heterozygous different genes (Tt)
• sex-linked found on a sex chromosome

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Add Karyotype Pedigree

• Karyotype
• Pedigree

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Genetic Disorders

• XO Turner Syndrome
• Down Syndrome Trisomy 21
• XXY Klienfelters Syndrome
• Others? Lots!! Look over notes!
• Nondisjunction failure of chromosomes to
  separate during meiosis
• Monosomy 45 total chromosomes (results in 1
  less) Turner Syndrome
• Trisomy 47 total chromosome (results in 1 too
  many) Down Syndrome Klienfelters)
• Detection Amniocentesis or chorionic villi
  sampling

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Remember Replication, Transcription, Translation ?

• Orig DNA AAT CCA GTC
• Replication TTA GGT CAG
• Transcription UUA GGU CAG
• Translation AAU CCA GUC
• 3 BASES A CODON

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Famous Scientists

• Darwin theory of evolution
• Aristotle first to classify organisms
• Fleming discovered penicillin
• Linnaeus modern classification system
• Hooke named the cell
• Lamarck acquired traits evolution
• Mendel father of genetics
• Van Leeuwenhoek father of microscopy

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Taxonomy and Evolution

• 7 levels?
• K?P?C?O?F?G?s
• Kingdoms?
• Animal
• Plant
• Fungi
• Protista
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria

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Describe these taxonomy/evolution terms

• vestigial structures no longer needed
  (appendix, tailbone)
• acquired traits behavior causes evolution
  (giraffe stretching neck to reach leaves)
• binomial nomenclature 2 name naming system
  (scientific name) Genus species
• Dichotomous key recipe for classification
• Homologous structures- similar origin but look
  different

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Describe these taxonomy/evolution terms

• analogous structures- different origin but look
  similar due to environment)
• Divergent evolution- two organisms becoming more
  dissimilar over time
• Convergent- two organisms appearing to be closely
  related but are not
• Artificial selection- mankind speeding up
  evolution (example- dog breeding)

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Bacteria and Viruses and Fungi

• Draw the three basic bacterial shapes coccus,
  bacillus, spirillus

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Bacterial Shapes

• Rod- bacillus
• Sphere- coccus
• Spiral- spirilli
• Staphylo- clusters
• Strepto- chains/filaments

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• What is the difference between archaebacteria and
  eubacteria?
• ancient extreme environments/true soil and
  water
• Good things bacteria do?
• Decomposers, make food, antibiotics, clean up
  environmental pollutants, others???
• Bacterial Diseases?
• Anthrax,Salmonella, Botulism, TB, Typhus, RMSF,
  Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, others????

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• What is a virus?
• Obligate intracellular parasite (not technically
  living
• Temperate vs. virulent?
• Lysogenic (doesnt kill host right away) lytic
  (kills host immediately)

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What are some viral diseases?

• AIDS
• Ebola
• Genital Warts
• Cold
• Flu
• Herpes
• BSE (mad cow)
• Kuru
• Others????????

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What are some common fungi?

• Mushrooms
• Yeasts
• Smuts
• Rusts
• Molds
• Mildews
• Puffballs

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Fungal Diseases?

• Corn smuts
• Athletes foot
• Nail fungus
• Mildew
• Rusts
• Ringworm
• Jock itch
• Others???

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Fungus Terminology

• Hyphae- fungal filaments
• Mycelium- mat of hyphae
• Fruiting body- reproductive structure
• Miracle Drug?
• Penicillin (alexander fleming)

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Protista the very firstList and describe
several protozoans

• LOTS!!! Check out your notes on animallike,
  plantlike and funguslike!!
• Hint
• Those that cause diseases (trypanosoma,
  entamoeba, Giardia), have mutualistic
  relationships (Trichonympha termite), etc.

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How do some protists move?

• Pseudopodia
• False feet (amoebas)
• Cilia
• Hairlike structures (paramecium)

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How do paramecia rid themselves of excess water?

• Contractile vacuole
• What are some common diseases caused by protozoa?
  
• Malaria, Giardia, Amebic Dysentery, African
  Sleeping Sickness, Leishmania, others????

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Photosynthesis Equation
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6
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• ___ CO2 ___H2O C6H12O6 ___O2
  

light
Photosynthesis is a series of reactions that
uses energy from the sun to convert water and
carbon dioxide (reactants) into sugars and oxygen
(products)
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Parts of a Flower
Sticky where pollen lands
Stigma
Anther
Meiosis produces pollen grains
Ovary
Eggs are produced
Filament
Sepal
Protect flower while developing
Supports anther
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Know your phyla and classes

• Porifera sponges sessile (dont move as adults)
• Cnidaria jelly fish, man of wars, corals and
  anemones have cnidocysts nematocysts
• Nematoda roundworms most are parasitic
• Platyhelminthes flatworms like planaria,
  tapeworm flukes
• Annelida segmented worms like earthworms,
  sandworms and leeches

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Continued

• Amphibia metamorphasis moist skin, lack claws,
  frogs, salamanders, toads, caecilians
• Mammalia have hair, bear live young, 4-chambered
  hearts, endothermic, mammary glands

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Know some general organ function and structures
like

• pharynx pathway to trachea or esophagus
• crop storge area for food (earthworms)
• gizzard grinds food for earthworm
• heart (chambers in a frog? pig?) 3 in frog, 4
  in pig

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• Nictitating membrane 3rd eyelid protects and
  moistens
• Tympanic membrane eardrums
• Kidneys removal of nitrogenous waste
• Pinnae external ear flaps
• Eyespots both detect light
• Lungs breathing apparatus and gas exchange
• Stomach mechanical chemical food digection
• fat bodies (fat)- insulates organs for
  hibernation

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Biological terminology

• Autotrophic means self-feeding
• Heterotrophic means other feeding
• Eukaryotic means true nucleus
• Prokaryotic means before nucleus (lacks a true
  nucleus)
• Symbiotic relationships two or more organisms
  living in close association with each other

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Biological terminology

• Mutualism- both organisms benefit
• Parasitism- one organisms benefits while the
  other is harmed (ectoparasitism and
  endoparasitism)
• Commensalism- one organism benefits while the
  other is unaffected)
• KNOW EXAMPLES OF EACH!!

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Know levels of organization!

• Species ? population ? community ?ecosystem ?
  biome ? biosphere
• Habitat- where an organism lives
• Niche- the role an organism fulfills

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Distinguish between food chains, food webs.

• Chain flow of energy from producer to top
  consumer.
• Web interrelated food chains
• Trophic level- each step in the food chain

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(Be able to identify producers, 1st order
(primary) consumers, 2nd order consumers, etc.)
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• Autotroph self feeding
• Heterotroph other feeding
• Decomposer (saprobe/saprophyte) recycle energy
  back into the environment (bacteria and fungus)
• Detritivore feed on dead/decaying matter
• Herbivore plant eater
• Carnivore animal eater
• Omnivore eats both plants and animals

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Know energy transfer! Who feeds at what trophic
level? What level of consumerism?
500,000 cal
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Good
Luck
me
you
Honors Bio