U. S. Foreign Policy

1
U. S. Foreign Policy

• From Peculiar Isolationism to Global War,
  1920-1941

2
Peculiar Isolationism

• U. S. didnt join L. of N., but kept and observer
  there.
• U. S. had high tariffs, but Charles Dawes headed
  a Reparations Adjustment Commission.
• U. S. rejected World Court, but hosted Washington
  Armaments Conference (5 power treaty, 4 power
  treaty, and 9 power treaty)
• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

3
Good Neighbor Policy

• J. Reuben Clark memorandum renounced
  intervention in Lat. America via Monroe Doctrine
  (1928)
• Roosevelt supported 1933 Pan. Am. Conference
  Resolution renouncing interventionism
• 1934Marines withdrawn from Nicaragua and Haiti
  and Platt Amendment (protectorate) over Cuba
  abrogated
• Brief interregnum between TR and Cold War.

4
Destruction of WWI Peace Settlements

• Japan occupied Manchuria (1931)
• U. S. backing of Open Door is hollow Japan
  occupied China proper in 1937
• Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935
• Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936
• Japan and Germany withdraw from League of Nations
  in 1933

5
Neutrality Acts

• Neutrality Act of 1935no sale of weapons where
  state of war exists
• Neutrality Act amended in 36no loans to
  belligerents.
• Neutrality Act amended in 37 to cover Civil Wars
  (Sp. Civil War)
• 2d Neutrality Act 37all of the above, plus no
  U. S. travel on belligerents ships, no armed U.
  S. merchant ships cash-and carry on non-military
  goods to belligerents at Presidents discretion.

6
Retreat from Isolation

• FDR didnt invoke c c in China under 2d
  Neutrality Act
• Ludlow Amendmentnatl referendum to declare
  waralmost passed congress in 1938
• 3rd Neutrality Act (1939)cash and carry for arms
  and food U. S. ships couldnt travel to
  designated war zones (real retreat from 1937 act)

7
Expanding Axis

• Anschluss between Germany and Austria (1938)
• Sudetenland Crisis (1938)
• Blitzkrieg vs. Poland, September 1, 1939France
  and Britain declare war on Germany
• Phony War yields to new Blitzkrieg in
  1940Denmark attacked (April 9) France
  surrendered (June 22) Miracle at Dunkirk (June)
  London Blitz (July 1940)

8
U. S. Response

• Increased defense spending (17 billion in 1940)
• National Defense Research Committeecreated OSRAD
  and Manhattan Project
• Burke-Wadworth Peacetime Draft
• Destroyers for Bases deal
• FDR wins 3rd term over America Firsters and
  Wendell Willkie

9
Arsenal of Democracy

• Lend-Lease (January 1941)
• Lend-Lease Aide extended to Russia in early days
  of Barbarossa
• August 1941Atlantic Charterwar aims
  self-determination for all peoples equal access
  to raw materials economic cooperation freedom
  of the seas new system of general security.
• Shoot on Sight orders following Greer (Sept.)
  Merchantmen armed following Ruben James (Nov.)

10
Japans Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

• Japan continues conquest of China and builds
  airfields into Indochina.
• July 2, 1940U. S. loans to China and Congress
  authorized FDR to restrict export of arms and
  strategic material to Japan
• Sept. 27, 1940, Tokyo, Berlin, Rome Axis
• Jap. Signed non-Aggression Pact w/ Soviets, April
  13, 1941
• Japan placed Indochina under protectorate
• FDR froze Japanese assets in U. S. stopped oil
  shipments merged Philippine army w/ U. S. army.

11
The Coming of War in Pacific

• Militarists dominated Japans cabinet gamble on
  getting Indonesian oil by destroying U. S.
  military presence in Pacific
• Operation WindsDestroy Pacific fleet so it cant
  come to aid of Philippines
• Dec. 7, 1941three U. S. battleships sunk, one
  grounded, one capsized 150 U. S. planes
  destroyed and 2,400 soldiers and citizens killed
• U. S. declared war on Japan on Dec. 8 Italy and
  Germany declare war on U. S. on Dec. 11.