The Results of the American Revolution

1
The Results of the American Revolution
2
The British Offensive

• Americans driven from Canada
• Fall of New York City
• Mass desertions from Continental army
• New Jersey and Rhode Island fall to British

3
The Trenton-Princeton Campaign

• Christmas attack on Hessians at Trenton
• Charles, Earl of Cornwallis
• British mistakes
• Not pursuing and destroying Washington
• Abandoning Loyalists
• Hessian war crimes

Charles Cornwallis
4
The Loss of Philadelphia

• Washington abandons Philadelphia
• Valley Forge
• Frederich Wilhelm, Baron von Steuben drillmaster
  for the Continental army
• Marquis de Lafayette
• 1/5th of Continental officers were foreign
  mercenaries

5
Saratoga

• John Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga, moves toward
  Albany
• John Stark and the New Hampshire militia
• Horatio Gates
• Saratoga Burgoyne surrenders
• Americans needed this win in order ensure support
  from the French.

6
French Intervention

• French want revenge for loss of 7 Years War
• Benjamin Franklin negotiated the Franco-American
  Alliance.
• Reasons for French entry
• Afraid fall of Philadelphia might weaken resolve
  of colonists to continue fighting
• Saratoga convinced them that colonists could win

7
The Reconstitution of Authority

• Intense debate in America on constitutionalism
• Written constitution important
• Fuller expressions of popular sovereignty
• Power is derived from the people

8
John Adams and the Separation of Powers

• Thomas Paine and unicameral government
• Constitutional Conventions popular sovereignty
  in its purest form
• Adams responds with Thoughts on Government
• separation of powers
• virtue

9
The Virginia Constitution

• June 1776, Virginia
• first state to adopt a permanent, republican
  constitution
• sovereign legislature
• George Mason and Virginias Bill of Rights
• Many states adopted variations of Virginias
  model constitution

10
The Crisis of the Revolution, 1779-1783

• Americans, with French assistance, expected a
  quick victory
• War of attrition
• Loyalists important to British war efforts
• British looked to Carolinas for support

11
The Loyalists

• Many colonists were conflicted
• new American union vs. part of British empire
• Risks for loyalists living in American colonies
• One-sixth of white population chose British side
  of the war
• 19,000 men joined loyalist military units
• State government banished loyalists and
  confiscated their property

12
Attrition

• British war weary after 1778
• British army is desperate for soldiers
• Recruited many Irish Catholics
• Resulted in Protestant violence Gordon riots
• Attrition weakened American forces and undermined
  economy
• Continental dollar collapses
• Continental soldiers left unpaid, ill-clothed,
  poorly fed, and mutinous

13
The Ravaging of Virginia to Yorktown and Peace

• British invade Virginia
• Voluntarism falters
• Yorktown Britains final defeat
• Washingtons plan trap Cornwallis at Yorktown

14
Independence

• Treaty of Paris (1783)
• British recognize United States independence
• Mississippi as Western boundary of United States
• Prewar debts still valid
• Congress must urge states to restore confiscated
  loyalist property
• Post war problems
• Indians dont accept Treaty
• Army discontent and near mutiny

15
The New Republic
16
A Revolutionary Society

• Independence transformed American life
• Biggest winners free householders
• Gained enormous benefits from democratization of
  politics and chance to colonize Great West
• Biggest losers loyalists and Indians
• Winner when their interests coincided with
  winners
• Slaves
• Women

17
Religious Transformations

• Anglican Church disestablished in Southern
  states
• Thomas Jefferson
• Statute for Religious Freedom
• Congregational church established in New
  England
• Office holding generally restricted to Christians
  or Protestants
• Toleration extended to Catholics and Jews

18
The First Emancipation

• Revolutionary Era freedom for many slaves
• Some freed because of Revolutionary War
• Courts say Massachusetts and New Hampshire slaves
  can walk away to freedom
• Pennsylvania 1780 first gradual emancipation
  statute, model for slave emancipation in North
• Manumission of slaves allowed in Virginia and
  Maryland
• Slaves were essential to plantation economy and a
  valuable asset in the South

19
The Challenge to Patriarchy

• War gave women more responsibility and power
• Coverture
• Philadelphia Ladies Association (1780)
• Republican Motherhood and the spread of womens
  education

20
The Northwest Ordinance

• Land Ordinance of 1785
• Surveyed and divided land into townships
• Ohio Company and apparent speculator triumph
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• 3-5 states equal to original 13
• Congressionally appointed governor, locally
  elected assembly after population of 5000
• At 60,000 population, could apply for statehood
• Public funded education
• No slavery

21
Commerce, Debt, and Shays Rebellion

• Depression and debt
• Paper money and inflation
• Daniel Shays and Rebellion

22
The Philadelphia Convention

• Virginia Plan
• New Jersey Plan
• The Great Compromise
• Government of laws enforced on individuals
  through federal courts
• Electoral College
• 3/5ths compromise
• Necessary and Proper clause
• State ratification conventions

23
Ratification

• Federalists
• Anti-Federalists (localists)
• The Federalist
• Federalist No. 10

24
Conclusion

• White America affirms liberty and equality rarely
  extended to Indians and blacks
• Discontent of postwar years led to Federalist
  coalition
• New national Constitution replaces Articles of
  Confederation
• Federalists endowed new central government with
  greater power
• American Federalist system