Are emotions universal or contingent?

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Are emotions universal or contingent?
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Como vai? How are your? Comment allez-vous ?
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Are there cultural differences on the MSCEIT
scores across French (individualists) and
Pakistani (collectivists)?Study conducted by
Karim Jahanvasch (2009)

• Cultural differences Gert Hofstede
• Emotions
• The MSCEIT Test
• Results of the research

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Intercultural Differences

• Culture's Consequences, Comparing Values,
  Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across
  Nations.
• Geert Hofstede, 2001
• Collectivism vs. Individualism
• Small vs. Large Power Distance
• Weak vs. Strong Uncertainty Avoidance
• Femininity vs. Masculinity
• Long term orientation vs Short

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Brazil Vs France
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Brazil Vs Denmark
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Emotions

• Emotions are our feelings. Literally.
• We feel them in our bodies as tingles, hot spots
  and muscular tension. Our muscles tense or relax.
  Our blood vessels dilate or contract. When we
  feel emotionally, we also feel physically.
• Our emotions can thus make us feel uncomfortable
  or comfortable, sending us signals to do
  something urgently or to stay in our comfortable
  state.

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Emotions

• Emotions of wanting greed, hope, envy, desire,
  love
• Emotions of not wanting fear, shame, repulsion,
  contentment
• Emotions of having happiness, pride, guilt,
  jealousy
• Emotions of not having anger, sadness, distress
• Other emotions surprise

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Emotions

• Our emotions are perhaps the greatest potential
  source of uniting all members of the human
  species.
• Emotions, on the one hand, are universal
• But, on the other hand, their EXPRESSION is
  cultural

Beliefs divide us. Emotions unite us
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Emotions

• Emotions are our most reliable indicators of how
  things are going on in our lives
• We cannot change our emotions. We cannot control
  them.
• But we can manage them.
• Manage your emotions, or your emotions will
  manage you.

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Emotions

• In any interpersonal relationship emotions and
  feelings do play a big role.
• Often we are not very conscious of these feelings
  and in intercultural encounters interpreting
  different feelings and emotions becomes even more
  challenging.

We need to develop our Emotional Intelligence (EI)
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MSCEIT
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
John (Jack) D. Mayer
Peter Salovey
David R. Caruso
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MSCEIT

• Perceiving Emotions - the ability to recognize
  how you and those around you are feeling
• Using Emotions - the ability to generate emotion,
  and then use this emotion in tasks (creativity,
  conflicts)
• Understanding Emotions - the ability to
  understand complex emotions and emotional
  "chains", how emotions transition from one stage
  to another
• Managing Emotions - the ability which allows you
  to manage emotions in your self and in others, to
  develop interlligent strategies to achieve
  outcomes..

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MSCEIT
Measure of ones emotional ability ones
capacity to reason with emotional content and to
use the emotional content to enhance thought.
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MSCEIT
Factors 1 - Perceiving emotions Accurately
identify emotions in people and objects
Faces identify subtle emotions in faces
Pictures identify emotions in complex
landscapes and designs
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MSCEIT
Factors 2 - Using emotions Generate an emotion
and solve problems with that emotion
Facilitation knowledge of how moods impact
thinking
Sensations relate various feeling sensations to
emotions
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MSCEIT
Factors 3 - Understanding emotions Understanding
the cause of emotions
Changes Multiple choice questions about how
emotions changes over time
Blends multiple choice emotion vocabulary
definitions
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MSCEIT
Factors 4 - Managing emotions Stay open to
emotions and blend with thinking
Emotion Management indicate effectivness of
various solutions to internal problems
Emotional Relations indicate effectivness of
various solutions to problems involving other
poeple
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MSCEIT
Factors

• Perceiving emotions
• Using emotions
• Understanding emotions
• Managing emotions

Experiential EI
Hierarchy from more basic to more
psychologically complex
Strategic EI
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Study conducted by Karim Jahanvasch (2009)
Study
Emotions at an international level comparison of
MSCEIT results in France and Pakistan
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Study

• Are there cultural differences on the MSCEIT
  scores across individualistic and collectivistic
  cultures?
• Individualism-collectivism is a major dimension
  of cultural variable (Hofstede, 1980)
• This dimension of culture exists across a wide
  range of emotion-related abilities that
  essentially comprise the construct of emotional
  ability (Matsumoto, 1992 Fernandez et al. 2000
  Gross et al. 2003).
• Based on this literature, people from
  individualistic cultures are better in
  recognizing, understanding, expressing, and
  regulating their emotions.

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Study
Individualistic country France (ranks 71)
Sample 111 students of the University in
Aix-en-Provence (62 females)
Collectivistic country Pakistan (ranks 14)
Sample 81 students of the University in
Balochistan (29 females)

• Both samples
• Students from management schools
• Average age 29,5 (SD 8,5)
• Good command of English

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Results of the study
Study

• There are several significant crosscultural
  differences
• Factorial invariance of MSCEIT accross cultures
  gt MSCEIT across both cultures can be interpreted
  in the same way (emotional factors are universal,
  it is their manifestation that differs across
  cultures)
• French (individualistic culture) performed better
  that their Pakistani (collectivistic culture)
  counterparts in the four dimensions of the
  emotional ability measured by MSCEIT
• Independent sample t tests on MSCEIT dimensions
  perceiving emotions (t2,39, plt0,05, Cohens
  d0,35) using emotions (t2,06, plt0,05, Cohens
  d0,30), understanding emotions (t6,24, plt0,001,
  Cohens d0,92), and managing emotions (t5,05,
  plt0,001, Cohens d0,75)

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Limitations of the study
Study

• Sample limitations
• The sample at a single university may not reflect
  the culture of a heterogeneous nation
• Students may experience different levels of
  emotional ability from a general working adult
  population (Day et al. 2005).

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