Unit 7 Part I: Memory (Cognition)

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Unit 7 Part I Memory (Cognition)

• Essential Task 7.1
• Describe the information processing model of
  memory with specific attention to the following
  steps
• - Encoding external stimuli, sensory registers,
  selective attention, reticular formation,
  short-term memory
• - Storage long-term memory, explicit memory
  (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit
  memories (emotional and procedural memories)
• - Retrieval

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Memory

• The ability to remember things we have
  experienced, imagined, or learned
• Memory is often seen as steps in an
  information-processing model

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Information Processing Model

• Encoding get the information into our brain
• Storage retain the information
• Retrieval get it back out of storage

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3-Stage Processing of Memory

• Atkinson and Shiffrin
• 3 stages of memory
• Sensory memory- immediate brief recording of info
• Short-term memory- holds items briefly
• Long-term memory- relatively permanent
• Knowledge, skills, experiences

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Baddeleys Working Memory

• Updates Atkinson and Shiffrins Work
• Newer understanding of short-term memory
• Conscious, active processing of sensory input and
  information retrieved from long-term memory

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7
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Memory The Persistence of Learning Over Time

• Get out a clean sheet of paper
• Write down everything that comes to your mind IN
  THE ORDER they occur.
• Incorrect answers are just as important as
  correct ones
• Name the seven dwarfs

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Answer

• Sleepy
• Dopey
• Grumpy
• Sneezy
• Happy
• Doc
• Bashful

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Do you think you could recognize the right
answers?

• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy,
  Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy,
  Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy,
  Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy,
  Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby
• Turn your paper over and recall the names again.

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Answer

• Sleepy
• Dopey
• Grumpy
• Sneezy
• Happy
• Doc
• Bashful

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Encoding

• Much information is stored in Short Term Memory
  (STM) phonologically, according to how it sounds
• Some information is stored visually
• Research has shown that memory for visually
  encoded information is better than phonologically
  encoded information

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Encoding

• Automatic vs. Effortful Processing
• Remembering what you ate last night
• VS.
• Learning this chapters vocabulary

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Ebbinghaus Retention Curve
The more you practice, the more you retain. BUT,
the quicker you learn, the quicker you forget.
Memorizing random letters in chunks
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Spacing Effect

• Distributing rehearsal (spacing effect) is better
  than practicing all at once. You can memorize a
  poem a lot easier if you break it down into 5
  parts over 5 days instead of all at once.

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Chunking

• The grouping of information into meaningful units
  for easier handling by short term memory.
• M-S-N-N-A-S-A-C-I-A-C-O-M
• Or
• MSN NASA CIA COM

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Inclusive Memory Activity

• I am going to give you a list of words
• I just want you to listen
• You have 30 seconds to write down as many words
  as you can remember

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Serial Position Effect

• People tend to recall the first items (primacy
  effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list
• Demonstrates how short- and long-term memory work
  together
• Primacy effect reflects long-term memory
• Recency effect reflects short-term memory

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What We Encode

• Encoding by meaning
• Encoding by images
• Encoding by organization

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Encoding Meaning

• Also known as semantic encoding
• We understand the meaning of words
• We associate it with what we already know (our
  schema)
• Better recognition later than visual or acoustic

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Visual Encoding

• Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to
  effortful processing, especially when combined
  with semantic encoding.

Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking
in a picture may be more powerful than simply
talking about it
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Mnemonics

• Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids.
  Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and
  organizational devices in aiding memory
• PEMDAS
• Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally

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Organizing Information for Encoding

• Break down complex information into broad
  concepts and further subdivide them into
  categories and subcategories.
• Chunking
• Hierarchies

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Hierarchy
Complex information broken down into broad
concepts and further subdivided into categories
and subcategories.
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Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy