Phytophagous Insects 2

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Phytophagous Insects - 2

• Borers and Gall Makers

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Borers
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Three Important Borers

• Asian Longhorn beetle
• Bronze Birch Borer
• Emerald Ash Borer

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Asian Longhorn Beetle
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Oviposition Site
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Sap Oozing From Wound Sites
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Adult Emergence Hole
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Bronze Birch Borer
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Bronze Birch Borer
Pupa
Larva
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Meandering larval Galleries
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Swellings Over Larval Galleries
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Exit Hole of Adult
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Classification of Borer-Infested Trees
Class 1. Healthy tree Class 2. Early
infestation Class 3 4 Advanced
infestation Class 5. Tree close to death
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Emerald Ash Borer
Larva
Adult
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Emerald Ash Borer
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EAB Larva
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EAB Larval Gallery
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Excessive Number of Larval Tunnels
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Adult EAB Emerging
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Emerald Ash Borer
Emergence Hole
Fissure in Bark
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Crown Decline
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Suburban Street Detroit Metropolitan Area Su.
2002
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Loss of Street Trees
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EAB Stressed Ash
Root Sprouting
Bark Splitting
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Chip Yard a Great Potential Emergence Site!
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Borer Control

• Bifenthrin (Talstar)
• Permethrin (several products)

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Bark Beetles
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All About Bark Beetles

• Attack evergreen and deciduous trees.
• Adults attracted and mate at bark surface.
• Female and larval galleries produced.
• In Dutch Elm Disease, tunnels inoculated with
  fungus.
• Pheromones important in life cycle.

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Native Elm Bark Beetle
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Elm Bark Beetle Life Cycle
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Bark Beetle Female Oviposition Site
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Adult and Larval Galleries
European Bark Beetle
Native Bark Beetle
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D.E.D. - Fungal Stain in Sapwood
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Damage and Decline of Host Tree the American Elm
1st. Year of Damage
2nd. Year of Damage
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Zimmerman Pine Moth
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Moths In General

• Belong to the Order Lepidoptera insects with
  scaly wings.
• Have complete metamorphosis.
• Adult stage is non-destructive due to inability
  to chew (lapping mouthparts).
• Controls thus seldom warranted vs. adults unless
  multiple generations per season.
• Larva is the destructive (feeding) stage.
• Knowledge of instars (larval stages) important.

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Moths In General

• Belong to the Order Lepidoptera insects with
  scaly wings.
• Have complete metamorphosis.
• Adult stage is non-destructive due to inability
  to chew (lapping mouthparts).
• Controls thus seldom warranted vs. adults unless
  multiple generations per season.
• Larva is the destructive (feeding) stage.
• Knowledge of instars (larval stages) important.

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Zimmerman PM Life Cycle

• Adults emerge from trees in mid- August.
• Eggs deposited on bark, larvae hatch and make a
  chip cocoon (hibernaculum) in early September
  for overwintering.
• April, early May larvae leave cocoon and bore
  into tree.
• Larval feeding stage until early August.
• Pupate in early August and emerge.

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Destruction From Larval Boring
Note larval feeding activity at trunk/base of
branch
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Pitch Mass
Fresh pitch mass (shiny) indicates recent
activity by larvae
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New and Old Pitch Mass
Old
New
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Yellowbelly Sapsucker Holes
From a Norway Maple. When damage is on pines, sap
will flow
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ZPM Control Strategies

• Chemical controls should be applied in late
  August and/or in April to control young larvae.
• Remove brood trees.
• Inspect trees for pitch masses before limbs are
  destroyed.
• As with other pests we use an Integrated Pest
  Management approach (IPM)

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Arthropod Induced Galls
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All About Arthropod Galls

• Plant growth due to injection of a substance into
  the tissue by an arthropod.
• Oaks, Beech, Composites, Rose and Willow are 5
  biggest plant groups.
• Some galls induced by bacteria, fungi, and
  nematodes.
• Major gall forming insect groups are the gall
  midges, gall wasps, aphids and psyllids.
• 54 of galls are on leaves, 14 on stems, and
  twigs. All parts of plants are attacked, however.

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Galls Formed on Leaves

• Maple bladder Gall mite
• Erineum Gall mite
• Hackberry Nipple Gall jumping plant lice
• Jumping Oak Gall - mite

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Maple Bladder Gall
Deformed Leaves
Galls Change From Green to Red With Age
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Erineum (mite) Gall on Viburnum
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Hackberry Nipple Gall
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Jumping Oak Gall
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Galls Formed on Stems, Petioles and Flowers

• Poplar Petiole Gall - aphid
• Ash Flower Gall gall midge
• Hackberry Witches Broom mite/fungus
• Oak Bullet Gall
• Willow Pine Cone Gall

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Poplar Petiole Gall
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Ash Flower Gall
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Hackberry Witches Broom
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Oak Bullet Gall Gall Wasps
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Willow Pine Cone Gall
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Galls On Evergreens

• Cooley Spruce Gall
• Eastern Spruce Gall

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Cooley Spruce Gall Early Damage
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Cooley Spruce Gall Advanced Damage
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Eastern Spruce Gall
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Oak Apple Gall
Red Oak
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Controls

• Galls on leaves very seldom require any chemical
  control.
• Galls on petioles may require control if
  infestation is heavy as moderate to severe
  defoliation can occur.
• Galls formed late in the growing season are
  typically not a problem.
• Timing of applications is critical and difficult
  to attain (other than dormant oil).

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Cooley and Eastern Spruce Galls

• Infestations can be serious enough to warrant
  chemical control.
• Avoid planting of alternate hosts (spruce and
  Doug fir) for Cooley.
• Prune out and destroy galls prior to mid summer.