Title: Urban Air Quality and Sustainable Urban Transportation in Asia
1Urban Air Quality and Sustainable Urban
Transportation in Asia
Bert Fabian Transport
Specialist, CAI-Asia
Seminar-Workshop on Sustainable Transportation
and Safety 17-19 January 2007 Pampanga,
Philippines
Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia A CAI-Asia
Program
2Outline of Presentation
- Urban Air Quality in Asia
- Sustainable Transportation Trends in Asia
- CAI-Asia SUT Activities
3Total Energy Consumption in Asia
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006
4Energy Mix in Asia 1990-2005
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006
5Oil Consumption, Million Tonnes
China, P.R. and India
Indonesia and Thailand
- All the countries in Asia except for Hong Kong,
India, Malaysia and Philippines exhibited
increase in oil consumption from 2004 to 2005. - increase in oil consumption are lower than
increase in coal consumption.
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006
6Motorization Trends in Asia
72-wheelers and Per capita income
Source Bajaj Annual Report 2005-2006
- Countries like Malaysia and Thailand have the
highest per capita income and 2-wheelers per
thousand people - Increasing per capita income and inefficient and
poorly supported public transportation in Asian
countries is seen to drive the increasing demand
for individual motorized travel
8Vehicle Growth Forecast in Asian Countries(in
Millions of Vehicles)
China, P.R.
India
Thailand
Indonesia
Note Vehicle Population Projection from Segment
Y Ltd
9PM10 and CO2 Emissions Forecast
Thousand Tons of PM10
Million Tons of CO2
China, P.R.
Projected PM10 and CO2 are based on current
plans for emission (Euro) standards and fuel
efficiency targets in China and India
India
Source ADB, 2006
10Status of Urban Air Quality in Asia
- Ambient air quality in Asia is still generally
improving despite continued increase in
motorization and energy use - Average ambient TSP, PM10 and SO2 trends are
improving - Average ambient TSP and PM10, however, continue
to exceed WHO and USEPA guidelines - Average ambient SO2 is in compliance with WHO
guideline - NO2 close to guidelines
- Insufficient information on O3 for reliable
trend analysis - It is uncertain whether the observed improvements
in air quality will be sustained
Aggregated Annual Ambient AQ Trends, mg/m3 (1993
to 2005)
11Roadside versus Ambient Particulate Matter
Concentrations
Bangkok
- Roadside particulate levels are always higher
than ambient confirming that vehicles are major
PM source - Increased number of policies on mobile sources
(e.g. fuel quality and stricter emission
standards) can help to close the gap between
ambient and roadside levels
Hong Kong
12Reducing Emissions from Mobile Sources
Transport Planning and Demand Management
Emissions Standards Vehicle Technology
Inspection Maintenance
Clean Fuels
13Vehicle Emissions Standards
- Compared to five years ago, more Asian countries
have now adopted or have legislated plans to
adopt stricter vehicle emissions standards as
well as fuel standards - Emphasis has been on institutionalizing new
vehicle emissions standards and not enough
attention has been given in addressing emissions
from in-use vehicles - More attention has been given as well to
light-duty vehicles compared to heavy duty
vehicles - One of the most pressing problem of Asian
countries is the rapid increase in the motorcycle
fleet but not enough attention has been given
towards appropriate regulatory measures to
control the associated emissions
14Vehicle Emissions Standards (new light duty
vehicles)
Italics under discussion a gasoline b
diesel c Entire country d Delhi and other
cities Euro 2 introduced in Mumbai, Kolkata and
Chennai in 2001 Euro 2 in Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Khampur, Pune and Ahmedabad in 2003, Euro 3 to be
introduced e Beijing and Guangzhou (as of 01
September 2006) have adopted Euro 3 standards
Shanghai has requested the approval of the State
Council for implementation of Euro 3 f Euro 4
for gasoline vehicles and California ULEV
standards for diesel vehicles g Gasoline
vehicles under consideration
Source CAI-Asia, 2006
15Land-use Planning and Transportation
- Land-use planning, perhaps the most powerful
regulatory tool that can be used to address
vehicular emissions, is still seldom used by most
Asian countries - Governments and development institutions have
started to place an increasing emphasis on urban
transportation issues, particularly on public
transportation - International organizations have acknowledged the
direct relationship between climate change
mitigation and the promotion of public
transportation and have initiated several
projects on this - Several countries in Asia have now started to
develop sustainable urban transportation policies
promoting public transportation, i.e. Bus-rapid
transit - In China, the Vice Minister of Construction, Qui
Baoxing, has ordered city authorities to improve
and maintain cycling facilities and in to order
to restore the countrys title as the "kingdom of
bicycles"
16Paradigm Shift in Urban Transportation Planning
(1)
Seoul - Asias Big Dig
The 6-lane Cheonggyecheon highway will soon be
transformed into a riverscape
17Paradigm Shift in Urban Transportation Planning
(2)
- Nihonbashi, one of the main historic areas in
Tokyo sits oppressed under an eight-lane
expressway - It was once the point from which distances in
Japan were measured - A government project is now looking at ways to
restore Nihonbashis old look - The recommendation is to transfer 2km of the
Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway underground and
create space along the river for waterside life - The committee looking at this issue believe that
restoring the Nihonbashi area's cityscape to its
original state serves as a basic guideline for
urban renewal plans to be put together in the
future
18Bus Rapid Transit in Asia
Systems in operation (16)
Systems in planning or under construction (25)
Overall, more cities are now planning or
building BRT systems in Asia than cities planning
or constructing subway or light rail lines
Note List as of October 2006
19China and India Urban Transportation Policy
- Both China, P.R. and India have developed
policies that call for the integration of
transport system plans with urban development,
equitable allocation of road space and increased
investments on public transportation, including
BRT, rail and non-motorized transportation - The National Development and Reform Commission
(NDRC) Guideline states that the 11th Five-Year
Plan of China, P.R. which started in 2006 will
prioritize the development of public
transportation with mass rapid transit (MRT) as a
key transport mode in mega cities. - The 2006 Indian National Urban Transport Policy
vision is to recognize that people occupy
center-stage in our (Indian) cities and all plans
would be for their common benefit and well being
i.e., invest on more on transport systems that
encourage greater use of public transport and
non-motorized modes instead of personal motor
vehicles
20Retrofitting Buses
- Seoul has implemented a comprehensive project on
retrofitting all its buses with after-treatment
devices in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi - In 2005, over 29,000 vehicles were fitted with
either diesel particulate filters or DOCs,
according to the class of vehicle. - The scheme has now entered its Main Program
phase, and in 2006 a further 83,000 vehicles will
be fitted with after-treatment devices - In Tokyo, a program which started in 1999 has
paved the way for the wide circulation of low
sulfur diesel fuel and continuous regeneration
DPFs - Several cities like Beijing, Bangkok, and Pune
have pursued pilot projects on retrofitting - Retrofitting Euro 1 or pre-Euro 1 diesel buses
with particulate filters (DPFs) has not proven to
be an effective means to reduce urban air
pollution unlike Euro 2 busses where impacts are
more substantial
212-Stroke Gasoline Rickshaws
- Several Asian cities have a big problem with
emissions from 2-stroke gasoline three-wheelers - A trend has emerged on the complete ban of
2-stroke three-wheelers in several Asian cities - In Delhi, 2-stroke rickshaws have been banned in
favor of 4-stroke rickshaws that run on CNG and
is now 100 free from 2-stroke gasoline rickshaws
- In Kathmandu, a similar ban has been effected and
prohibits the operations of such vehicles in the
valley - Dhaka no longer allows the operations of 2-stroke
rickshaws in the city - In Lahore start has been made in banning 2-stroke
rickshaws and Karachi is considering it - Jakarta has introduced CNG bajajs in the city and
have started to ban 2-stroke rickshaws
Note compiled from various sources
22Electric Bikes in China, P.R.
- Electric bikes in China increased from only
40,000 in 1998 to 10 million in 2005 - Sales increased from about 7.5 million units in
in 2004 to 10 million units in 2005 - This dramatic growth has been largely due to
legislation banning gasoline fuelled scooters and
bicycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in several
major Chinese cities
- The most problematic issue with electric bikes is
the use of lead acid batteries that have high
lead loss rates during the production,
manufacturing and recycling processes
Sources ADB, 2006 Cherry, 2006 Weinert, 2006
23Natural Gas Vehicles
- Emphasis have been on gasoline vehicle
conversions to run on CNG in the past - A trend towards replacing diesel-fed public
transportation modes with CNG is being adopted by
several Asian countries - Several Asian countries, like Pakistan, India,
and Indonesia have aggressively adopted measures
to convert their existing 2-stroke rickshaws to
CNG -
Number of NGVs in selected Asian countries
Source Asian NGV Communications, Vol 1 Num 6,
August 2006
24Biofuels
- Ethanol
- China and India are now the worlds third and
fourth producers of ethanol in the world and
accounted for a combined 5.4 billion liters in
2004 - As of July 2006, gasohol use in Thailand (E10)
reached 3.5 million liters daily and available at
3,000 pump stations nationwide a government
mandate in 2007 will require the complete
replacement of benzene octane 95 (petrol 95) with
E10 and E20 blend will be introduced in 2009 - The Philippines has mandated E5 gasoline by 2007
and to E10 by 2010 - Biodiesel
- Biodiesel production have increased in Asia,
particularly in Southeast Asia in the past years,
with Malaysia and Indonesia leading the
production of palm oils worldwide - The Philippines and Thailand have adopted
policies that could lead to mandating as much as
10 of biodiesel blend in marketed fuel - The Philippines has mandated a 1 blend of
coco-methyl ester in diesel for government
vehicles
Sources ADB, 2006 and http//thailand.prd.go.th/
the_pm_view.php?id1621
25PSUTA An Overview
- Review of Sustainable Urban Transport materials -
(i) key resource persons (ii) key organizations
on SUT (iii) SUT related projects (iv) SUT
studies (v) important events on SUT and (vi)
news items on SUT - Strategic Framework for Sustainable Urban
Transport in Asia - Indicators for Sustainable Urban Transport (i)
Indicator Training Manual and City Reports for
Hanoi, Pune, and Xian
www.cleanairnet.org/psuta
26SUMA Conceptual Framework
CAI-Asia Past and Present
- Key Result Areas
- Institutionalize of AQM and SUT knowledge
management system at the regional, national and
local levels in Asia - Enhance capacity for AQM and SUT of relevant
stakeholders - Institutionalize AQM and SUT network at the
regional, national and local levels - Increase number of policies for AQM and SUT
developed at regional, national and local level - Increase number and strengthened implementation
of AQM and SUT activities - Establish program coordination, monitoring and
evaluation of SUT activities in Asia
Organizational Development
Knowledge Management
Capacity Building
Local Networks/ Partners
Policies
Investments
27Building Partnerships
- Importance of strong partnerships to ensure
success - Initial partners in the SUMA program include
- EMBARQ - World Resources Institute Transportation
and Environment - United Nations Centre for Regional Development
- GTZ SUTP German Agency for Technical
Cooperation - Interface for Cycling Expertise
- Institute for Transportation and Development
Policy - Additional international partners will follow and
efforts are made to bring in private sector as
partner as well. - Strengthen partnerships with specialized local
transport institutes such as CATS/CST-China,
PUSTRAL- Indonesia, UP-NCTS-Philippines, TSDI-
Vietnam, TRIPP-India etc. - Strengthen partnerships with relevant government
agencies
28Conclusions (2)
Contacts Bert Fabian hfabian_at_adb.org
www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia