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Student preparation chapter 4

• This session provides a perfect opportunity for
  you to begin thinking about your
• own research project. Based on the information
  you find in chapter 4 and chapter 2,
• sections 2.3 and 2.4 these following questions
  provide you with a guide for your
• project.
• Which approach, deductive or inductive, may be
  most appropriate for your
• research question(s) and objectives?
• 2. Which strategy, or strategies, may be most
  appropriate for your research
• question(s) and objectives?

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The research process onion
Positivism
Research philosophy
Realism
interpretivism
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How do you as an individual think of the
development of knowledge?
The research philosophy spectrum Characteristics
Realism
Interpretivism
Positivism

• Is based on the
• belief that reality exist
• but also that there are
• large-scale social forces
• that affect peoples
• perception
• Realism share same
• aspect with positivism
• as example the view of
• an external objective
• nature but in a social
• context

• - Origin from natural science
• law-like generalizations
• with the purpose to facilitate
• repetition the method is highly
• structured.
• Quantifiable observations
• The researcher is independent
• of and neither affects nor is
• affected by the subject of
• the research

• Approximately the same
• as social constructivism
• Business take place
• in a complex environment
• difficult to generalize
• There is no objective reality
• only subjective reality where
• Its important to understand
• the participants motives,
• action and intentions

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Table 4,1. Economic Sociology and Mainstream
Economics - A Comparison

• Economic Sociology
• The actor is influenced by other actors and is
  part of groups and society
• Many different types of economic action are used,
  including rational ones rationality as a
  variable
• Economic action are constrained by the scarcity
  of resources, by the social structure, and by
  meaning structures
• Marx-Weber-Durkheim Schumpeter-Polanyi
  Parsons/Smelser the classics are constantly
  reinterpreted and taught

• Mainstream Economics
• The actor is uninfluenced by
• other actors (methodological individualism")
• All economic action are assumed
• to be rational rationality as assumption
• Economic action are constrained
• by tastes and by the scarcity of
• resources including technology
• Smith-Ricardo-Marshall-Keynes
• Samuelson the classic belong
• to the past emphasis is on current theory and
  achievements

Concept of the actor Economic action
Constrains on the action Intellectual
tradition
Source, table 4.1 in my dissertation and its a
part of Smelser and Swedberg (1994)
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The research process onion
Positivism
Research philosophy
Deductive
Research approaches
Realism
Inductive
interpretivism
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Research approaches
Deduction Testing theory In which the researcher
develop a theory and hypothesis and design a
research strategy to test the hypothesis.
Induction Building theory In which the
researcher collect data and develop theory as a
result of the analysis of the data

• Characteristics
• -Collecting data and generate theory
• More like interpretivism
• In a research context gaining an
• understanding of the meanings
• human attach to events
• Normally collection of qualitative data
• Flexible structure in order to changes
• of research emphasis as the research
• progresses.
• Researcher is a part of the research
• process.
• Less concern with the need to
• generalize

• Characteristics
• Starting out from theory move to data
• More like positivism
• Explaining casual relationships between
• variables. For example between annual
• Income and consumption of luxury goods.
• - Develop hypothesis and collecting of data.
• The use of highly structured methodology
• with the purpose of replication
• - The importance of a strictly definition of the
• measured variables
• Researchers have to be independent of what
• Is being researched
• The importance of select sufficient samples
• In order to generalize findings

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The research process onion
Positivism
Research philosophy
Deductive
Experiment
Research approaches
Survey
Case study
Research strategies
Grounded theory
Realism
Action research
Ethnography
Inductive
interpretivism
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The need for a clear research strategy
Characteristics
Strategies
Personally have I newer seen any student
Dissertation with the use of experiment
Experiment Survey Case study Grounded
Theory Ethnography Action Research
Its normally associated with a deductive approach
Useful if you wish to gain a rich understanding
of the Research and the processes being enacted
In grounded theory the theory is developed from
data Generated by series of observations.
This is not a dominant research strategy in
business
The method concerns of the development of theory
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Figure 10.1 A classification of survey methods
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Figure 7.1 A classification of qualitative
research procedures
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Figure 11.1 A classification of experimental
designs
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The research process onion
Positivism
Research philosophy
Deductive
Experiment
Research approaches
Survey
Cross sectional
Case study
Research strategies
Grounded theory
Realism
Longitudinal
Action research
Time horizons
Ethnography
Inductive
interpretivism
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Time horizons
Cross sectional studies Longitudinal studies
Its a picture of a particular phenomenon/a at a
particular time
Its which deals with the change Over the period
of time
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The research process onion
Positivism
Research philosophy
Deductive
Experiment
Research approaches
Survey
Sampling Secondary data Observation Interviews Que
stionnaires
Cross sectional
Case study
Research strategies
Grounded theory
Realism
Longitudinal
Action research
Time horizons
Ethnography
Inductive
Data collection methods
interpretivism
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The possibility of getting the wrong answers in a
research project emphases the questions of
reliability and validity (will will come back to
this question later)
Reliability
1. Will the measurers yield the same results on
other occasions?
2. Will similar observations be reached by other
observers?
3. Is there transparency in how sense was made
from the raw data
Validity
Validity is a question of whether you actually
succeeded in measuring what You were trying to
measure. For example is there a casual
relationship between trust and commitment? Can
you theoretically prove the causality?
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Threats to reliability
Subject or participant error
You have to select the right moment to
completed a questionnaire. Easy to say difficult
to do
Subject or participant bias
Are the respondents answer truthful?
Observer error
If more than one researcher making, for example
personal interviews the risk for observer error
rises (section 9.2)
Observer bias
Here, of course, there may have been different
approaches To interpreting the interviews
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Examination of validity
McDaniel and Gates (1996) mention a number of
different perspectives from which validity can
be examined face validity, content validity,
Face validity whereby the researcher judges the
question when is designed
Content validity Is the representative ness of
the content of the measurement Instrument or, in
other words, the scale provides relevant coverage
of the topic studied
2,2. Which attribute do you most value with your
present major supplier of water taps. Every
question responds individually. 1not at all
important 7very important That the major
supplier 2,2,1. Keep what is promised 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 2,2,2. meet our wishes of
special adjustment with products.