Diapositiva 1

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University of Calabria
Unical
Energy is Young
Biodiesel Bioethanol and Biogas General aspects,
production and research programs
Laboratory of Transport Phenomena and
Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering
Energy is Young October 16-21, 2007,
University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
Dr.Maria Aversa Dr.Emanuele Ricca
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Emanuele Ricca
University of Calabria
ENZYMATIC TRANS-ESTERIFICATION of LOW QUALITY
and WASTE VEGETABLE OIL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
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Biodiesel as Renewable energy Source

Lower viscosity other veg-oils Lower CO2
emissions - diesel Biodegradable Reduced
amounts of particulate High combustion
temperature Acids gt20 can damage engines
Biodiesl is a mixture of alkyl esters of fatty
acids from biological source. It that can be
obtained by means of trans-esterfication
(catalytic or bio-catalytic) of glycerides of
fatty acids of vegetable oils with short chain
alcohols.
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Sources for biodiesel production

• Vegetable oils
• Rapeseed (colza)
• Sunflower
• Palm
• Olive husk oil (sub-product of olive oil
• 
  production)
• Waste oils (frying)
• Oil from animal fats

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TRANS-ESTERIFICATION
Glycerol
Glyceride
Alchool
Ester
Ester main product (biodiesel) Glycerol
side-product (pharmaceutical uses
over-production? low value) Catalyst Base
(NaOH) Enzymes (Lipase)
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Enzymatic Trans-esterification

• Mild reaction conditions
• Specificity and selectivity of enzyme
• Higher kinetic rate

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Research program

• Background and state of the art
• Definition of crucial parameters
• Experimental activity
• - triolein 60 simulating oil
• olive husk oil
• waste vegetable oil
• Kinetic analysis
• Immobilised enzyme recovery and reuse
• Process Modelling
• Bioreactor project and design
• Performance analysis of Bioreactors

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Conclusions
Environmental aspects EXCELLENT
CO2, biodegradable,
particulate
Characteristics as a fuel GOOD
Combustion temperature,
engine

Production costs BAD
Double than traditional

Overall GOOD UE
(EN590) 5 of bio in diesel

Consequence CHEAP PRODUCTION PROCESS NEEDED!


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Thank you for your patience!
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University of Calabria
Unical
Bioethanol and Biogas
Dr.Maria Aversa
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OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

• Bioethanol characteristics and production
• Bioethanol research program _at_ unical
• Biogas characteristics and production
• Biogas research program _at_ unical

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Bioethanol and its production
Bioethanol ethanol obtained by biomass
fermentation
Starch crops

• PRE TREATMENTS
• FERMENTATION
• CONCENTRATION

ethanol
Vegetable crops for sugar production
fodder
Residuals and by-products from Agro-industrial
productions
PRODUCT
BIOMASS
PROCESS
BY-PRODUCT
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FOOD GRADE
PHARMACEUTICAL AND COSMETIC USES
ethanol
Energy
FUEL
PRODUCT
DESTINATION
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OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

• Bioethanol characteristics and production
• Bioethanol research program _at_ unical
• Biogas characteristics and production
• Biogas research program _at_ unical

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Whey in cheese production
EXPLOITATION OF DAIRY WASTES
milk
Problem
storage
High waste disposal costs due to considerable
pollutants concentration
Pastorization
Ferment
Coagulation
Alcholic Fermentation of milk whey for bioethanol
production
Cheese production
whey
cheese
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Bioetanolo da reflui caseari
Ethanol from whey
Ethanol can be produced by Lactose
bioconversion. Lactose is the main constituent
of the whey
Scission of lactose
C12H22O11 H2O ? C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Alcholic Fermentation
C6H12O6? 2 C2H5OH 2CO2
BIOCATALYST
YEAST Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxanus
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OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

• Bioethanol characteristics and production
• Bioethanol research program _at_ unical
• Biogas characteristics and production
• Biogas research program _at_ unical

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Caratteristiche ed impieghi del bioetanolo
Biogas and its production
Biogas fuel gas obtained by biomass fermentation
manure
sewage sludge
FERMENTATION (ANAEROBIC DIGESTION)
Biogas (CH4, CO2)
municipal solid waste
biodegradable waste
fertilizer
PRODUCT
other biodegradable feedstock
BIOMASS
PROCESS
BY-PRODUCT
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can be used as fuel
biogas
can be burned directly for cooking, heating,
lighting
can be used for generating electricity
PRODUCT
DESTINATION
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Steps of biomass fermentation to produce biogas
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Biogas chemical composition depend on the
fermentation time
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OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

• Bioethanol characteristics and production
• Bioethanol research program _at_ unical
• Biogas characteristics and production
• Biogas research program _at_ unical

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Testing mixture of raw materials to optimize
biogas production. Mixture of manure and organic
waste from vegetable oil production.
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Thank you