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Title: Kein Folientitel


1
Berlin - Tuesday, 15.07.2003
2
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
1
Dr. H. Kehl
Todays Topic of Conversation and Discussion
with decentral and quasi self-sustaining
resource management as an alternative solution
for cellular and regional supply and disposal
structures. Subsistence farming and water
management vs. TNCs (Transnational Companies),
supra-national and national water resource
management.
Small Scale Closed Loop Recycling Water
Management as a Realization of Demand-Oriented
Subsidiarity"
Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH
3
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
2
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts (source
partly David Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)
  • Many middle and high-income countries (incl. the
    USA and those within the EU) continue to support
    agricultural production from large scale
    agriculture, e.g. grain, both directly through
    market protection and support - with the result
    of overproduction.
  • The developed countries support their
    agricultural production with 350 billion U.S.
    per year. It is about seven times the rate they
    spend for foreign aid.
  • The above mentioned facts might be a reason why
    in Africa the tonnage of food produced and
    consumed per-capita is falling actually.

Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH
4
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
3
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts (source
partly David Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)
Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH
5
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
4
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts
  • The respectable German weekly DIE ZEIT noticed in
    its current issue (July 10th)
    The chronic misery of Africa turns the
    continent to an enormous market of U.S.
    agricultural surplus.

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6
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
5
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the pre-conditions with NEGATIVE
EFFECTS? Some facts (source partly David
Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)
  • For every kg of high-quality animal protein
    produced, livestock are fed nearly 6kg of plant
    protein.
  • Tracking food animal production from the feed
    trough to the dinner table, beef cattle
    production requires a fossil fuel energy input to
    protein output ratio of 54 1 chicken meat
    production consumes energy in a 4 1 ratio to
    protein output (U.S. Departm. of Agricultural
    Statistics).
  • Every kilogram of beef produced takes 100.000
    liters of water.
  • Raising broiler chickens takes 3.500 liters of
    water to make a kg of meat.

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7
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
6
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
In comparison Water consumption to produce plant
protein under temperate to semi-arid conditions
  • At an average, to produce 1kg of grain requires
    about 1.000 liters of crop evapotranspiration
    (aEPT).
  • Rise production 1.900 (450-2.500) liters per kg
    dry matter
  • Wheat production 435 (-900) liters per kg dry
    matter
  • Potatoe production 500 (-640) liters per kg dry
    matter
  • Indian corn (maize) 368 (-450) liters per kg dry
    matter

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8
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
7
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other ecological effects of intensive stock
rearing and large area cultivation of grain
  • On U.S. lands where grain feed is produced, soil
    loss averages 13 tons per hectare/a.
  • Due to the vegetation cover pasture lands are
    eroding at a lower space, at an average of 6
    tons/a.
  • But erosion may exceed 100 tons on severely
    overgrazed pastures, and 54 of U.S. pasture land
    is being overgrazed (D. Pimentel, 1997 - Cornell
    Univ.)

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9
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
8
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
The ecological point of view and appraisement
  • From an ecologists perspective, the American (
    partly European) system of farming grain-fed
    livestock, consumes resources far out of
    proportion to the yield, accelerates soil
    erosion, affects world food supply and have to be
    changed.

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10
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
9
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs
  • WTO negotiations on General Agreement on Trade in
    Servises (GATS) and International development
    policies implemented since the 1980s, including
    Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs), further
    restricted public investments in agriculture in
    LDCs.
  • Smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa has
    been taxed rather than subsidized in
    contradiction to large-scale agriculture.
  • Smallholders receive less public support, and
    face more competition from cheap foreign products
    (often declared as aid) that flood their markets.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
10
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs
  • Food imports with dumping prices, drawn from
    ever-cheaper world markets, jeopardize the
    implementation of prices that are sufficiently
    high to reward the farmers efforts, which is the
    most critical stimulation of intensification.
  • Already in the late sixties of the last century
    it was clear that increasing competion on world
    markets would penalize export oriented LDCs
    (Franke 1967).
  • Restricted public support given during the first
    three quarters of the last century as biased
    toward large-scale, mechanized, (often) white
    settler agriculture and capital-intensive,
    notoriously inefficient state-managed estates.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
11
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs
  • In the framework and latest outcome of GATS (and
    NAFTA) recommendations cost-intensive water
    supply of rural areas remains at the risk of
    governmental organisations, and the water supply
    and waste management of urban settlements are
    going to be privatized.
  • The necessary and responsible allocation of cost
    (profit and lost) between subsidized rural areas
    and profidable urban areas does not take place.
  • Inefficient assignment of duties, e.g. in respect
    of service contracts, discovery of hiden costs,
    maintenance of infrastructure, additionally,
    little evaluation of social impact are
    threatening essential public services.

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13
Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
12
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Lessons learnt? What could be done?
  • PROTECTION Without protection, African producers
    and ultimately the economy as a whole, will lose
    out because of these massive imports, and
    restricted exports, or reinforcement of import
    duties by poor African countries.
  • ENCOURAGEMENT Therefore, for sub-Saharan Africa,
    enhancing the productivity of smallholder
    agriculture is the only way out of the poverty
    trap. Because, there is ample evidence that
    smaller farmers play a greater part than larger
    farmers in engendering both pro-poor agricultural
    and overall economic growth both in Asia and
    Africa (B.v.Koppen, 2002, Water Development for
    Poverty Eradication).

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
13
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?
  • Past economic growth in high income countries,
    and recent growth in the Asian Tigers were
    typically preceeded by, and based upon,
    agricultural growth and self-sufficiency.
  • Agriculture is a dynamic engine of growth and an
    important contributor to welfare in later stages
    of economic development. Growing rural, and
    urban, off-farm employment reflects agricultural
    growth.
  • Agricultural growth in semi-arid countries is
    linked to, and based on, land suitability and
    ownership, water availability, and irrigation
    requirements of different types.

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15
An example from Kenyaby Hatsuya Azumi (2002)
14
16
FARMERS TAKE OVER BY FORCE
15
  • Tragic Case of
  • Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya
  • Hatsuya Azumi
  • April 2002

17
Lessons Learned
16
Dr. H. Kehl
  • Preconditions for farmers assuming OM
    responsibilities
  • Land ownership or long-term lease
  • Reasonably operative facilities (especially when
    farmers are so poor)
  • Legal framework acts, decrees, ordinances, etc.
    but also by laws
  • Freedom to choose crops
  • Freedom to set water charge and decide on
    collection mechanism
  • Public awareness building and cap. building

source Hatsuya Azumi, April 2002
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
17
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?
  • In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the likelihood that
    expansion of formal irrigation will be able to
    play a similar role and have the same
    productivity impacts as it did in Asia is remote!
  • The experience with large-scale and even smaller
    community-managed irrigation schemes has been
    disappointing costs of investment and leakage
    (incl. non-productive evaporation) tend to be
    high, while the returns have been low. IWMI,
    WP55, 2003

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
18
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?
  • Reg. Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Private
    Sector Participation (PSP) - projects
  • Recent development politics with focus on
    implementation of PPP / PSP - projects with TNCs
    have shown that profit-oriented water supply and
    waste water management penalize more frequent the
    rural poor and, generally, prefer the urban -
    financially strong - population. Hoering, 2001
    / 2003 and Social Watch Report 2003
  • Restrictively, it should be mentioned here that
    the so-called German model - in contradiction
    to World Bank and IMF conditionalities - do not
    favour the complete privatization of the water
    sector or commercialization, respectively.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
19
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003
  • As David Molden, Leader of the Comprehensive
    Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture,
    anounced in Kyoto 2003, an increasing water
    productivity can be reached only by an
    integrated, holistic approach to water resource
    managament.
  • Various approaches and experiments, especially by
    NGOs, have shown that the shift of
    responsibilities to small farmers for small-scale
    water-demand management can help save water,
    increase economic efficiency of use, improve
    water quality, and even promote environmentally
    sustainable water use. IWMI, WP55, 2003

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
20
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003
  • Smaller farmers tend to produce more per unit of
    land than larger farmers, because of a
    higher-value crop mix, more double cropping, more
    intercropping, and less fallowing. Yields are
    also often higher. B.v.Koppen 2002
  • Subsistence farming with decentral and quasi
    self-sustaining (water) resource management could
    reduce the agricultural impact an natural
    ecosystems, and would be a chance for an
    environment-friendly re-adaptation of agriculture
    to nature.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
21
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003
  • In contradiction, intensive agriculture has often
    been enabled by major public support for the
    overexploitation of water resources, and its
    consequences have been severe.
  • E.g., between 1980 and 1995, Saudi Arabia
    consumed 75 of the proven reserves of fossil
    ground water in its major aquifers to irrigate
    wheat crops. FTGW, 1997
  • Libya (Great Man-Made River) and Egypt (New
    Valley resp. Toska Project) both, are on the way
    to use up their huge - but limited (!) -
    non-renewable fossil ground water reserves.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
22
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003
  • The Green Revolution of the so-called developed
    countries came with a high environmental price in
    the form of increased pollution and depletion of
    water resources, e.g. pesticide and synthetic
    fertilizers, as well as consistent watering,
    achieving in nearly all cases through large
    irrigation projects.
  • Perhaps most dramatically, irrigated cotton
    production in Central Asia has diverted so much
    water from the Amur Darya and Syr Darya rivers
    that they no longer reach the Aral Sea.
    Therefore, the Aral Sea ecosystem has changed
    completely (c.f. Monday-Lesson!)

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
23
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
  • Basically and essentially, structural adjustments
    for internal (national) necessities (satisfaction
    of elementary needs) should be realized
  • e.g. decentralization, realization of
    subsidiarity principles and implementation of
    agricultural extensive services.
  • Dicison-makers and researchers (e.g.
    hydrologists) must now shift their focus from
    enlarging supplies of managing its demand.
  • Concideration of different social cultural
    norms and traditionel water management
    technologies is a precondition to be successful.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
24
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
  • For sence-making processes integration approaches
    by Connecting People.
  • Transperancy through facilitation and fostering
    communication between people.
  • Educational advertising and consultance, due to
    the fact that planned water reuse in the context
    of integrated water resources management provides
    a strong argument against the traditional
    practice and offers instead systematic progress
    towards safe and reliable sanitation practices.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
25
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
  • Appropriate and affordable technologies would
    include methods of rain water harvesting and
    storage in underground tanks (cisterns, collector
    or tube wells), e.g.
  • Methods of collecting rain run-offs (roof water
    and roadtop water harvesting), as it has been
    practised in N-Africa and Greece in ancient time
    and partly today.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
26
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
  • E.g. Sally et al. (2000) and Sally Abernethy
    (2002) discuss, what they named, precision
    irrigation in a basin perspective. They point out
    that precision irrigation is not necessarily an
    expensive high-technology option.
  • Additionally, tillage operations (protection
    against evaporation), vegetation measures and
    contour bunds for soil and water conservation
    (incl. artificial ground water recharge ),
    treadle pumps or small mechanized pumps, low
    pressure drip irrigation, collective pump and
    gravity irrigation schemes and small village
    dams, etc.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
27
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
  • Reduce evapotranspiration through afforestation,
    growing site adapted trees as it has been
    realized in traditional oasis to shadow the crop
    and reduce wind velocity (realization of micro
    climates).

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
28
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!
  • Selection Implementation of an appropriate
    irrigation technology must consider long-term
    maintenance costs.
  • Calculate advantages and disadvantages of
    environmental impacts (e.g. by Environmental
    Impact Assessments - EIA) under estimation of
    long-term economical AND ecological consequential
    costs!

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
29
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!
  • Be aware that sustainable use of Local Public
    Goods (LPGs) is non-profit-oriented!
  • Buy what you plan to consume and use what you buy!
  • Choose Buy organically grown foods, help create
    and sustain YOUR local markets!

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
30
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!
  • Not only food security as a result of foreign
    aid is important!
  • But rather food self-sufficiency prevent from
    dependency!

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
31
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Latest Background Materials and Publications
  • Social Watch Report 2003 - The Poor and the
    Market (with special focus on the unacknowledged
    social implications of the General Agreement on
    Trade in Servises (GATS) and International
    development policies, incl. PPPs and PSPs).
  • Intern. Journ. of Water Resources Development,
    Vol. 19, No. 2, June 2003 (with special focus on
    Public-Private-Partnership in the MENA countries
    / Middle East a. North Africa).
  • Innovative Approaches to Agricultural Water Use
    for Improving Food Security in Sub-Saharan
    Africa, Working Paper 55, IWMI (last issue).

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
32
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Latest Background Materials and Publications
  • Report on the Agricultural Extension Policy of
    Ghana by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture,
    Ghana, July 2002.
  • Water from (Wast)Water - The Dependable Water
    Resource, by Takashi Asano, 2001, Stockholm Water
    Prize Laureate Lecture.
  • Agriculture Re-adaptation to the Environment, by
    Annette Huber-Lee and Eric Kemp-Bendict, 2003.
  • Water for People - Water for Life, The United
    Nations World Water Development Report, World
    Water Assessment Programme (UNESCO-WWAP) 2003.

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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
33
Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
1
Traditional and modern agriculture under the
pressure of human growth. What are the
limitations, advantages and disadvantages under
the precondition of limited water and soil
resources?
2
Self-restriction and self-sufficiency or
food-security? Re-Adaptation to the environment
through sustainable use of water resources and
well adapted small-scale agriculture. What could
be the right way?
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
34
Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
3
Possible Impacts of SAPs and GATS on YOUR
Country, especially regarding Water Management
and its long-term Implications on the
sustainability of ecosystems.
4
A Precondition of Successful Integrated Ground
Water Management is a High-Degree-Transparency of
sence making processes, especially important for
lower-level people. What have be, and what should
be done in YOUR country? Where are the deficits
and what are the reasons?
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Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
35
Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
5
Peter Gleick (Senior Researcher of the Pacific
Institute for Studies in Development,
Environment, and Society) pointed out - among
other things - that The institutions
responsible for building and managing water
infrastructure shouldnt be responsible for doing
long-term planning and There is no such thing
as a free market for water, so water transfers
should be encouraged but carefully monitored and
evaluated. What is your oppinion?
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