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1Berlin - Tuesday, 15.07.2003
2Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Todays Topic of Conversation and Discussion
with decentral and quasi self-sustaining
resource management as an alternative solution
for cellular and regional supply and disposal
structures. Subsistence farming and water
management vs. TNCs (Transnational Companies),
supra-national and national water resource
management.
Small Scale Closed Loop Recycling Water
Management as a Realization of Demand-Oriented
Subsidiarity"
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3Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts (source
partly David Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)
- Many middle and high-income countries (incl. the
USA and those within the EU) continue to support
agricultural production from large scale
agriculture, e.g. grain, both directly through
market protection and support - with the result
of overproduction.
- The developed countries support their
agricultural production with 350 billion U.S.
per year. It is about seven times the rate they
spend for foreign aid.
- The above mentioned facts might be a reason why
in Africa the tonnage of food produced and
consumed per-capita is falling actually.
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4Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
3
Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts (source
partly David Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)
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5Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the PRE-CONDITIONS for LDCs with
NEGATIVE EFFECTS? Some basic facts
- The respectable German weekly DIE ZEIT noticed in
its current issue (July 10th)
The chronic misery of Africa turns the
continent to an enormous market of U.S.
agricultural surplus.
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6Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the pre-conditions with NEGATIVE
EFFECTS? Some facts (source partly David
Pimentel, Ecologist, Cornell Univ.)
- For every kg of high-quality animal protein
produced, livestock are fed nearly 6kg of plant
protein.
- Tracking food animal production from the feed
trough to the dinner table, beef cattle
production requires a fossil fuel energy input to
protein output ratio of 54 1 chicken meat
production consumes energy in a 4 1 ratio to
protein output (U.S. Departm. of Agricultural
Statistics).
- Every kilogram of beef produced takes 100.000
liters of water.
- Raising broiler chickens takes 3.500 liters of
water to make a kg of meat.
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7Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
In comparison Water consumption to produce plant
protein under temperate to semi-arid conditions
- At an average, to produce 1kg of grain requires
about 1.000 liters of crop evapotranspiration
(aEPT).
- Rise production 1.900 (450-2.500) liters per kg
dry matter
- Wheat production 435 (-900) liters per kg dry
matter
- Potatoe production 500 (-640) liters per kg dry
matter
- Indian corn (maize) 368 (-450) liters per kg dry
matter
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8Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other ecological effects of intensive stock
rearing and large area cultivation of grain
- On U.S. lands where grain feed is produced, soil
loss averages 13 tons per hectare/a.
- Due to the vegetation cover pasture lands are
eroding at a lower space, at an average of 6
tons/a.
- But erosion may exceed 100 tons on severely
overgrazed pastures, and 54 of U.S. pasture land
is being overgrazed (D. Pimentel, 1997 - Cornell
Univ.)
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9Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
The ecological point of view and appraisement
- From an ecologists perspective, the American (
partly European) system of farming grain-fed
livestock, consumes resources far out of
proportion to the yield, accelerates soil
erosion, affects world food supply and have to be
changed.
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10Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs
- WTO negotiations on General Agreement on Trade in
Servises (GATS) and International development
policies implemented since the 1980s, including
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs), further
restricted public investments in agriculture in
LDCs.
- Smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa has
been taxed rather than subsidized in
contradiction to large-scale agriculture.
- Smallholders receive less public support, and
face more competition from cheap foreign products
(often declared as aid) that flood their markets.
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11Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs
- Food imports with dumping prices, drawn from
ever-cheaper world markets, jeopardize the
implementation of prices that are sufficiently
high to reward the farmers efforts, which is the
most critical stimulation of intensification.
- Already in the late sixties of the last century
it was clear that increasing competion on world
markets would penalize export oriented LDCs
(Franke 1967).
- Restricted public support given during the first
three quarters of the last century as biased
toward large-scale, mechanized, (often) white
settler agriculture and capital-intensive,
notoriously inefficient state-managed estates.
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12Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Other pre-conditions with NEGATIVE EFFECTS for
LDCs
- In the framework and latest outcome of GATS (and
NAFTA) recommendations cost-intensive water
supply of rural areas remains at the risk of
governmental organisations, and the water supply
and waste management of urban settlements are
going to be privatized.
- The necessary and responsible allocation of cost
(profit and lost) between subsidized rural areas
and profidable urban areas does not take place.
- Inefficient assignment of duties, e.g. in respect
of service contracts, discovery of hiden costs,
maintenance of infrastructure, additionally,
little evaluation of social impact are
threatening essential public services.
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13Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Lessons learnt? What could be done?
- PROTECTION Without protection, African producers
and ultimately the economy as a whole, will lose
out because of these massive imports, and
restricted exports, or reinforcement of import
duties by poor African countries.
- ENCOURAGEMENT Therefore, for sub-Saharan Africa,
enhancing the productivity of smallholder
agriculture is the only way out of the poverty
trap. Because, there is ample evidence that
smaller farmers play a greater part than larger
farmers in engendering both pro-poor agricultural
and overall economic growth both in Asia and
Africa (B.v.Koppen, 2002, Water Development for
Poverty Eradication).
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14Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?
- Past economic growth in high income countries,
and recent growth in the Asian Tigers were
typically preceeded by, and based upon,
agricultural growth and self-sufficiency.
- Agriculture is a dynamic engine of growth and an
important contributor to welfare in later stages
of economic development. Growing rural, and
urban, off-farm employment reflects agricultural
growth.
- Agricultural growth in semi-arid countries is
linked to, and based on, land suitability and
ownership, water availability, and irrigation
requirements of different types.
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15An example from Kenyaby Hatsuya Azumi (2002)
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16FARMERS TAKE OVER BY FORCE
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- Tragic Case of
- Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya
- Hatsuya Azumi
- April 2002
17Lessons Learned
16
Dr. H. Kehl
- Preconditions for farmers assuming OM
responsibilities - Land ownership or long-term lease
- Reasonably operative facilities (especially when
farmers are so poor) - Legal framework acts, decrees, ordinances, etc.
but also by laws - Freedom to choose crops
- Freedom to set water charge and decide on
collection mechanism - Public awareness building and cap. building
source Hatsuya Azumi, April 2002
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18Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?
- In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) the likelihood that
expansion of formal irrigation will be able to
play a similar role and have the same
productivity impacts as it did in Asia is remote!
- The experience with large-scale and even smaller
community-managed irrigation schemes has been
disappointing costs of investment and leakage
(incl. non-productive evaporation) tend to be
high, while the returns have been low. IWMI,
WP55, 2003
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19Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
What are the - well-known - facts and what can we
learn?
- Reg. Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Private
Sector Participation (PSP) - projects
- Recent development politics with focus on
implementation of PPP / PSP - projects with TNCs
have shown that profit-oriented water supply and
waste water management penalize more frequent the
rural poor and, generally, prefer the urban -
financially strong - population. Hoering, 2001
/ 2003 and Social Watch Report 2003
- Restrictively, it should be mentioned here that
the so-called German model - in contradiction
to World Bank and IMF conditionalities - do not
favour the complete privatization of the water
sector or commercialization, respectively.
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20Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003
- As David Molden, Leader of the Comprehensive
Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture,
anounced in Kyoto 2003, an increasing water
productivity can be reached only by an
integrated, holistic approach to water resource
managament.
- Various approaches and experiments, especially by
NGOs, have shown that the shift of
responsibilities to small farmers for small-scale
water-demand management can help save water,
increase economic efficiency of use, improve
water quality, and even promote environmentally
sustainable water use. IWMI, WP55, 2003
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21Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003
- Smaller farmers tend to produce more per unit of
land than larger farmers, because of a
higher-value crop mix, more double cropping, more
intercropping, and less fallowing. Yields are
also often higher. B.v.Koppen 2002
- Subsistence farming with decentral and quasi
self-sustaining (water) resource management could
reduce the agricultural impact an natural
ecosystems, and would be a chance for an
environment-friendly re-adaptation of agriculture
to nature.
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22Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003
- In contradiction, intensive agriculture has often
been enabled by major public support for the
overexploitation of water resources, and its
consequences have been severe.
- E.g., between 1980 and 1995, Saudi Arabia
consumed 75 of the proven reserves of fossil
ground water in its major aquifers to irrigate
wheat crops. FTGW, 1997 - Libya (Great Man-Made River) and Egypt (New
Valley resp. Toska Project) both, are on the way
to use up their huge - but limited (!) -
non-renewable fossil ground water reserves.
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23Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Achieving More Crop Per Drop is possible, and
a real solution to the water crisis over the
coming two decades. IWMI, 2003
- The Green Revolution of the so-called developed
countries came with a high environmental price in
the form of increased pollution and depletion of
water resources, e.g. pesticide and synthetic
fertilizers, as well as consistent watering,
achieving in nearly all cases through large
irrigation projects.
- Perhaps most dramatically, irrigated cotton
production in Central Asia has diverted so much
water from the Amur Darya and Syr Darya rivers
that they no longer reach the Aral Sea.
Therefore, the Aral Sea ecosystem has changed
completely (c.f. Monday-Lesson!)
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24Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
- Basically and essentially, structural adjustments
for internal (national) necessities (satisfaction
of elementary needs) should be realized
- e.g. decentralization, realization of
subsidiarity principles and implementation of
agricultural extensive services.
- Dicison-makers and researchers (e.g.
hydrologists) must now shift their focus from
enlarging supplies of managing its demand.
- Concideration of different social cultural
norms and traditionel water management
technologies is a precondition to be successful.
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25Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
- For sence-making processes integration approaches
by Connecting People.
- Transperancy through facilitation and fostering
communication between people.
- Educational advertising and consultance, due to
the fact that planned water reuse in the context
of integrated water resources management provides
a strong argument against the traditional
practice and offers instead systematic progress
towards safe and reliable sanitation practices.
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26Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
- Appropriate and affordable technologies would
include methods of rain water harvesting and
storage in underground tanks (cisterns, collector
or tube wells), e.g.
- Methods of collecting rain run-offs (roof water
and roadtop water harvesting), as it has been
practised in N-Africa and Greece in ancient time
and partly today.
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27Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
- E.g. Sally et al. (2000) and Sally Abernethy
(2002) discuss, what they named, precision
irrigation in a basin perspective. They point out
that precision irrigation is not necessarily an
expensive high-technology option.
- Additionally, tillage operations (protection
against evaporation), vegetation measures and
contour bunds for soil and water conservation
(incl. artificial ground water recharge ),
treadle pumps or small mechanized pumps, low
pressure drip irrigation, collective pump and
gravity irrigation schemes and small village
dams, etc.
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28Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Options and techniques within the overall
framework of an integrated, holistic approach to
water resources management
- Reduce evapotranspiration through afforestation,
growing site adapted trees as it has been
realized in traditional oasis to shadow the crop
and reduce wind velocity (realization of micro
climates).
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29Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!
- Selection Implementation of an appropriate
irrigation technology must consider long-term
maintenance costs.
- Calculate advantages and disadvantages of
environmental impacts (e.g. by Environmental
Impact Assessments - EIA) under estimation of
long-term economical AND ecological consequential
costs!
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30Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!
- Be aware that sustainable use of Local Public
Goods (LPGs) is non-profit-oriented!
- Buy what you plan to consume and use what you buy!
- Choose Buy organically grown foods, help create
and sustain YOUR local markets!
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31Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Only one important way to advance and to be
successful?
Consider simple wisdoms, often ignored!
- Not only food security as a result of foreign
aid is important!
- But rather food self-sufficiency prevent from
dependency!
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32Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Latest Background Materials and Publications
- Social Watch Report 2003 - The Poor and the
Market (with special focus on the unacknowledged
social implications of the General Agreement on
Trade in Servises (GATS) and International
development policies, incl. PPPs and PSPs).
- Intern. Journ. of Water Resources Development,
Vol. 19, No. 2, June 2003 (with special focus on
Public-Private-Partnership in the MENA countries
/ Middle East a. North Africa).
- Innovative Approaches to Agricultural Water Use
for Improving Food Security in Sub-Saharan
Africa, Working Paper 55, IWMI (last issue).
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33Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Key issues and possible ways out of poverty
Latest Background Materials and Publications
- Report on the Agricultural Extension Policy of
Ghana by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture,
Ghana, July 2002.
- Water from (Wast)Water - The Dependable Water
Resource, by Takashi Asano, 2001, Stockholm Water
Prize Laureate Lecture.
- Agriculture Re-adaptation to the Environment, by
Annette Huber-Lee and Eric Kemp-Bendict, 2003.
- Water for People - Water for Life, The United
Nations World Water Development Report, World
Water Assessment Programme (UNESCO-WWAP) 2003.
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34Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
1
Traditional and modern agriculture under the
pressure of human growth. What are the
limitations, advantages and disadvantages under
the precondition of limited water and soil
resources?
2
Self-restriction and self-sufficiency or
food-security? Re-Adaptation to the environment
through sustainable use of water resources and
well adapted small-scale agriculture. What could
be the right way?
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35Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
3
Possible Impacts of SAPs and GATS on YOUR
Country, especially regarding Water Management
and its long-term Implications on the
sustainability of ecosystems.
4
A Precondition of Successful Integrated Ground
Water Management is a High-Degree-Transparency of
sence making processes, especially important for
lower-level people. What have be, and what should
be done in YOUR country? Where are the deficits
and what are the reasons?
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36Ecosystem Analysis and Integrated Ground Water
Management
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Dr. H. Kehl
Questions and Discussion of Today
5
Peter Gleick (Senior Researcher of the Pacific
Institute for Studies in Development,
Environment, and Society) pointed out - among
other things - that The institutions
responsible for building and managing water
infrastructure shouldnt be responsible for doing
long-term planning and There is no such thing
as a free market for water, so water transfers
should be encouraged but carefully monitored and
evaluated. What is your oppinion?
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