Plant Structure

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Plant Structure

• Cells
• Tissue
• Tissue Systems
• Organs
• Whole Plant Body

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Plant Cells
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Plant Cell Components

• Nucleus
• Protoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Golgi Bodies
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Vacuoles

• Chloroplasts
• Cell Wall

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Plant Cell
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Plant Tissue

• Meristematic Tissue
• Permanent Tissue
• Simple Tissue
• Complex Tissue

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Meristematic Tissue

• Apical Meristems - main axis
• Vascular Cambium - continuous around plant
• Cork Cambium - continuous in cortex
• Lateral Meristems - new lateral shoots

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Apical Meristematic Tissue
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Permanent Simple Tissue

• Parenchyma
• Collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma

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Parenchyma

• Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue
  (simple thin walled cells).
• Cortex
• Pith
• Mesophyll (leaves, the pulp of fruits)
• Endosperm (seeds).
• Parenchyma cells are still meristematic, which
  means that they are capable of cell division even
  after maturation.

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Collenchyma

• Collenchyma tissue is composed of elongated cells
  with unevenly thickened walls. They provide
  structural support, particularly in growing
  shoots and leaves. Collenchyma tissue composes,
  for example, the resilient strands in stalks of
  celery.

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Sclerenchyma

• Sclerenchyma is a supporting tissue. Two groups
  of sclerenchyma cells exist fibres and
  sclereids. Their walls consist of cellulose and
  lignin. Sclerenchyma fibers are of great
  economical importance, since they constitute the
  source material for many fabrics (flax, hemp,
  jute,). Sclerid cells in pears.

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Permanent Complex Tissue

• Xylem - Water and mineral conducting tissue,
  non-living
• Tracheids, Vessels and Fibers
• Phloem - Conducts sugars to stems and roots from
  leaves
• Sieve Elements and Companion Cells

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Xylem
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Vascular System-Woody Dicot
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X-Section - Woody Dicot
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Pine Stem X-Section
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Pine Stem X-Section
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Pine-Cutaway Section
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Vascular System - Monocot
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Vascular Bundle
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Plant Structure

• Vascular System
• Cortex
• Epidermis

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Vascular System

• Xylem
• Phloem

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Cortex

• Equal to Frame and Insulation of a House
• Cork Cambium formation of cork via
  suberization
• Lenticels- Rough and ruptured areas on stem, use
  for gas exchange

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Epidermis

• Single layer of cells enveloping plant.
• Surface of rose petals
• Root hair cells
• Stomata

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Root Hair Cell
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Stomata

• Openings on the undersides of leaves made up of
  two guard cells. Involved in the process of
  transpiration.

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Stomata
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Plant Stems

• Central Axis of plant which supports vital
  organs.
• Above Ground
• Underground

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Above Ground Stems

• Support
• leaves,
• buds,
• flowers

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Roots

• Tap
• Fibrous
• Fleshy
• Tuberous

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Root Functions

• Anchorage
• Storage
• Water and nutrient uptake

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Above Ground Modified Stems

• Runners, Stolons
• Spurs
• Suckers
• Water Sprouts (epicormic)

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Underground Stems

• Bulbs
• Corms
• Rhizomes
• Tubers

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Tunicate Bulbs
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Scaly Bulb
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Corm
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Rhizome
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Tulip Grower
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Field of Tulips
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Leaves

• Primary Purpose Photosynthesis
• Consists of Blade and Petiole and Stipule

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Leaf Blade Cross-Section
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(No Transcript)
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Flowers

• Reproductive Organs, usually dependent on
  pollination naturally by insects.
• Sight
• Odor

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Flowers
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Flower Types

• Complete
• Incomplete
• Perfect
• Staminate
• Pistillate

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Flower Structure
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Flower Parts

• Pistil (Female)
• Stigma surface for pollen
• Style supports stigma
• Ovary - fertilization

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Flower Parts

• Stamens (Male)
• Anthers pollen
• Filament supports anther

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Flower parts

• Petals Corolla (collective) most obvious parts
  of flower
• Sepals Calyx (collective) green leaf-like
  structures, encase flower in bud.
• Receptacle supports ovary and rest of floral
  structures

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Fruit

• Mature Ovary
• simple-derived from a single ovary
• aggregate-many pistils on a common receptacle
• multiple-many closely clustered flowers

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Seed

• Mature Ovule
• Parts
• Seed Coat
• Endosperm
• Embryo