451418607 Land Administration

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451-418/607 Land Administration
Land administration response
Jude Wallace
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Overview

• Objectives
• To understand the cadastral and land
  administration responses to people and land
  relationships .
• To understand what constitutes a land
  administration system and why we need it.
• Topics
• The evolution of LAS
• The relationship between land policy, land
  management and land administration
• The land management process
• Re-engineering LAS
• Reading
• Dale P.D. and McLaughlin, J.D., Land
  Administration, Oxford University Press, 1999
  (Chapter 1).
• Williamson, I.P, Enemark, S, and Wallace, J.
  (editors)(2005) Sustainability and Land
  Administration Systems , Summary of Expert Group
  Meeting
• http//www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/research/SDI_resear
  ch/EGM/

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Everyone thinks spatially(even cats)

• Spatial concepts map directly on to the cortex as
  topologically correct mappings
• We all have an innate map consciousness

Relationship between the rate of change of
orientation and direction preferences in the
primary visual cortex of the cat. Red lines
indicate iso-orientation lines along which
orientation preference does not change. Dark blue
marks regions where orientation preference
changes rapidly. The strongest changes are found
at the so-called orientation centres from which
iso-orientation lines radiate out in a
pinwheel-like fashion. Light blue denotes
direction fracture lines across which direction
preference shows 180 reversals. Image size 2.7
2.1 mm2 of cortex. See Kisvrday et al., Visual
Cortex 636-647.
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Early spatial representations

• Hunter-gatherer societies used topologically
  correct mappings to communicate spatial
  information.

Rosie Fleming - Ngapa Jukurrpa This painting
depicts a water Dreaming. The rain (ngapa) story
belongs to Nampijinpa and Nangala women and
Jampijinpa and Jangala men. The Ngapa Jukurrpa
travelled from east to Mikanji west of Yuendumu.
The straight lines represents the ngawarra (flood
waters) running through the landscape. The small
bar shapes signify mangkurdu (clouds). The small
circles are mulju (water soakages).
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Another

• Artist Malya Teamay
• Title Uluru Tjukurpa
• This painting depicts the Tjukurpa at Uluru, the
  Law and stories of ancestors.
• Uluru is a place of powerful Tjukurpa, the main
  public elements of which are depicted in this
  painting.
• The painting is the Aboriginal interpretation of
  a map of Uluru.
• A similar but smaller painting was painted by
  Malya for the front cover of the book of the Plan
  of Management for the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National
  Park produced by Parks Australia.

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and heres something a little more recent
topologically correct maps are easily understood
by humans
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What about cadastral maps?

• The earliest map? 6200 BC Ankara, Turkey -
  excavation of Çatalhöyük site in Anatolia
• The start of civil society meant spatial
  information needed to be less relative and more
  geographic less symbolic and more
  quantitative.

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We needed to know who owned what, where is was
and how much tax they should pay

• Topologically correct depictions were inadequate.
  Consistent scale and consistent orientation
  appeared about 8,500 years ago to meet government
  needs.

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An ancient property title?

• In the centre of this 4,500 year old oriented and
  (apparently) to scale map, a plot of land is
  specified as 354 iku (12 hectares) and the owner
  is named as Azala.

Clay Tablet map from Ga-Sur, 2,500 B.C. Redrawing
with interpretation 7.6 x 6.8 cm
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Another

• Mesopotamian City Plan, Nippur 1500 B.C., showing
  part of the defensive city wall and planned
  repairs, precise internal property boundaries,
  all to scale (in units of twelve cubits six
  meters). Public structures - temples, canals,
  store houses and a park are emphasised. (Clay
  tablet 18 x 21 cm)
• Property ownership, taxation, defence and
  facilities management appear to be the main
  purposes of these artefacts all government
  concerns.

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Dynamic people to land relationshipsin Western
Europe
Reference Ting et al, 1998
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Land administration response to the changes in
people to land relationships
1700s to WWII Industrial revolution and land
markets
1945 to 1980s Post WWII Reconstruction
1980s onwards Information revolution, sustainabili
ty, social equity
Up to 1700s Agrarian society and Feudalism
People to land relationships



Wealth
Commodities and wealth
Scarce resource, commodities and wealth
Community resource, scarce resource,
commodities and wealth
Concept of land



Fiscal / Juridical
Land Transfer
Planning
Multipurpose
Land Administration Response



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Early technical systems

• Bavarian cadastral surveys
• Between 1809 and 1853, the Bavarian Cadastral
  Survey issued hard copy maps for lithographs
• 26,000 stone maps
• www.blva.bayern.de

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Ahh the good ol days
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The rise of land administration

• After WWII with reconstruction of Europe, Japan,
  Korea, Latin America using traditional land
  administration tools and ideas.
• The 1990s foundation theory of land
  administration discipline. FIG - organised and
  holistic view with core ideas of land tenure,
  land use, land development and land planning.
  Engineers perspective. (Dale and McLaughlin)
• After 2000 Sustainable development, and
  building on the foundation to involve land
  administration in the key problems of the World.
  Food security, globalism, new technologies,
  poverty alleviation,
• Now LA is completely multi-disciplinary and adept
  at using technology to pursue land policy.

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Land administration definitions, circa 1990s

• Land administration is the process of
  determining, recording and disseminating
  information about the tenure, value and use of
  land when implementing land management policies
• (UNECE, 1996).
• It is considered to include land registration,
  cadastral surveying and mapping, fiscal, legal
  and multi-purpose cadastres and parcel based land
  information systems, and in many systems
  information supporting land use planning and
  valuation/land taxation systems.

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Land administration definitionscirca 1990s

• The processes of regulating land and property
  development and the use and conservation of land,
  the gathering of revenues from the land through
  sales, leasing and taxation, and the resolving of
  conflicts concerning the ownership and use of
  land
• (Dale and McLaughlin, 1999)

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1990s approach Foundation layer - cadastral
parcel and ownership information
Source Land Administration (Peter Dale and John
McLaughlin)
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(No Transcript)
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Definition of cadastre

• A cadastre is the core or basis of a land
  administration system and is defined as a parcel
  based and up-to-date land information system
  containing a record of interests in land (e.g.
  rights, restrictions and responsibilities).
• It usually includes a geometric description of
  land parcels linked to other records describing
  the nature of the interests, and ownership or
  control of those interests, and often the value
  of the parcel and its improvements
• (FIG, 1995).

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Land management focus begins

• "the management of all aspects of land including
  the formation of land policies" (Dale
  McLaughlin 1988)
• "the process of managing the use and development
  of land resources in a sustainable way." (Bill
  Robertson, 1998)

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The modern LAS perspective

• Application of the
• scientific paradigm
• and
• engineering principles
• to design, build and manage

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Land management arrangements - (Dale and
McLaughlin, 1988)
Country Background
Land Policy
Land Administration Arrangements
Land Information Management
Resource Management
Land Management
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Start of LAS as land management - 1998
COUNTRY
Geography Economy
History Law
Government Land Law
Development Policy
Land Tenure Arrangements
Market-Place Considerations
Land Policy
Land Administration Arrangements
Public Lands
Private Lands
Land Valuation and Assessment
Land Use Control and Management
Land Settlement
Land Survey
Land Registration
Infrastructure Utilities
Source Land Administration (Peter Dale and John
McLaughlin)
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A change in approach

• Up to late 1990s LAS were examined from the
  inside.
• After 2000, the vision of LAS incorporates
  government, society, and sustainable development
  objectives.
• These outside influences are used to redesign
  LAS.

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United Nations-FIG Bathurst Declaration on
Sustainable DevelopmentPresented in Melbourne,
1999
http//www.fig.net/figtree/pub/figpub/pub21/figpub
21.htm
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Land Administration in 2006
Williamson, Enemark and Wallace, 2006
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Re-engineering land administration systems

• Developed countries face historic tenures, bad
  agricultural practices, legacy technology and old
  institutions e.g. Australia
• Developing countries face rapid population growth
  causing pressure on rural areas, forests and
  indigenous peoples, driving mass migration to
  cities and incapacity, corruption, wars,
  disasters, lack of governance, disputes, more
  wars, post colonial nationalism, lack of
  sanitation and water , unmanageable cities,
  exploitation, gender inequity.

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Developing Spatial Data Infrastructures from
Concept to Reality Williamson, Rajabifard and
Feeney, Eds. 2004. Taylor Francis, London
Sustainability and Land Administration
Systems Williamson, Enemark and Wallace, Eds.
2006. Geomatics, Melbourne
http//www.geom.unimelb.edu.au/research/SDI_rese
arch/EGM20BOOK.pdfwww.geomatics.com